diff --git a/README b/README
index 97d096ef1804a4348e88dfaf67c22b2c427a3ad8..5b0b5f3ebf8b322e121e0398ca01062e226be649 100644
--- a/README
+++ b/README
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  /____/ |__/|__/___/_/    /_/
  SPH With Inter-dependent Fine-grained Tasking
 
-Website: www.swiftsim.com
+ Website: www.swiftsim.com
  Twitter: @SwiftSimulation
 
 See INSTALL.swift for install instructions.
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Parameters:
     -D, --drift-all                   Always drift all particles even the ones
                                       far from active particles. This emulates
                                       Gadget-[23] and GIZMO's default behaviours.
-    -F, --sourceterms
+    -F, --star-formation	      Run with star formation
     -g, --external-gravity            Run with an external gravitational potential.
     -G, --self-gravity                Run with self-gravity.
     -M, --multipole-reconstruction    Reconstruct the multipoles every time-step.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 94e95776cd80c1bb822f0f68290c2add9d2bb58b..92925017d9a8f44521a542e1df3760cc58ba73cb 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Parameters:
     -D, --drift-all                   Always drift all particles even the ones
                                       far from active particles. This emulates
                                       Gadget-[23] and GIZMO's default behaviours.
-    -F, --sourceterms
+    -F, --star-formation	      Run with star formation
     -g, --external-gravity            Run with an external gravitational potential.
     -G, --self-gravity                Run with self-gravity.
     -M, --multipole-reconstruction    Reconstruct the multipoles every time-step.
diff --git a/doc/RTD/source/CommandLineOptions/index.rst b/doc/RTD/source/CommandLineOptions/index.rst
index 9fb9d784d6057e4d9aa4a923143d622e577f142c..de969730bebc6c20950086cb1ba9a20b94e01af6 100644
--- a/doc/RTD/source/CommandLineOptions/index.rst
+++ b/doc/RTD/source/CommandLineOptions/index.rst
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ can be found by typing ``./swift -h``::
     -D, --drift-all                   Always drift all particles even the ones
                                       far from active particles. This emulates
                                       Gadget-[23] and GIZMO's default behaviours.
-    -F, --sourceterms
+    -F, --star-formation	      Run with star formation
     -g, --external-gravity            Run with an external gravitational potential.
     -G, --self-gravity                Run with self-gravity.
     -M, --multipole-reconstruction    Reconstruct the multipoles every time-step.
diff --git a/examples/main.c b/examples/main.c
index 93074a637e7427ac7bec53c51d7e6e608b6cdff2..db7df3b4a129b5469758485c7a042af173e63123 100644
--- a/examples/main.c
+++ b/examples/main.c
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 /* Global profiler. */
 struct profiler prof;
 
-//  Usage string.
+/*  Usage string. */
 static const char *const swift_usage[] = {
     "swift [options] [[--] param-file]",
     "swift [options] param-file",
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ static const char *const swift_usage[] = {
     NULL,
 };
 
-// Function to handle multiple -P arguments.
+/* Function to handle multiple -P arguments. */
 struct cmdparams {
   const char *param[PARSER_MAX_NO_OF_PARAMS];
   int nparam;
@@ -97,7 +97,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
   struct stars_props stars_properties;
   struct part *parts = NULL;
   struct phys_const prog_const;
-  struct sourceterms sourceterms;
   struct space s;
   struct spart *sparts = NULL;
   struct unit_system us;
@@ -147,11 +146,11 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
   int restart = 0;
   int with_cosmology = 0;
   int with_external_gravity = 0;
-  int with_sourceterms = 0;
   int with_cooling = 0;
   int with_self_gravity = 0;
   int with_hydro = 0;
   int with_stars = 0;
+  int with_star_formation = 0;
   int with_feedback = 0;
   int with_fp_exceptions = 0;
   int with_drift_all = 0;
@@ -186,7 +185,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                   "particles. This emulates Gadget-[23] and GIZMO's default "
                   "behaviours.",
                   NULL, 0, 0),
-      OPT_BOOLEAN('F', "sourceterms", &with_sourceterms, "", NULL, 0, 0),
+      OPT_BOOLEAN('F', "star-formation", &with_star_formation,
+                  "Run with star formation", NULL, 0, 0),
       OPT_BOOLEAN('g', "external-gravity", &with_external_gravity,
                   "Run with an external gravitational potential.", NULL, 0, 0),
       OPT_BOOLEAN('G', "self-gravity", &with_self_gravity,
@@ -449,10 +449,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 #ifdef WITH_MPI
   if (with_mpole_reconstruction && nr_nodes > 1)
     error("Cannot reconstruct m-poles every step over MPI (yet).");
-#endif
-
-#ifdef WITH_MPI
   if (with_feedback) error("Can't run with feedback over MPI (yet).");
+  if (with_star_formation)
+    error("Can't run with star formation over MPI (yet)");
 #endif
 
 #if defined(WITH_MPI) && defined(HAVE_VELOCIRAPTOR)
@@ -779,7 +778,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
     if (myrank == 0) clocks_gettime(&tic);
     space_init(&s, params, &cosmo, dim, parts, gparts, sparts, Ngas, Ngpart,
                Nspart, periodic, replicate, generate_gas_in_ics, with_hydro,
-               with_self_gravity, talking, dry_run);
+               with_self_gravity, with_star_formation, talking, dry_run);
 
     if (myrank == 0) {
       clocks_gettime(&toc);
@@ -860,10 +859,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
     chemistry_init(params, &us, &prog_const, &chemistry);
     if (myrank == 0) chemistry_print(&chemistry);
 
-    /* Initialise the feedback properties */
-    if (with_sourceterms) sourceterms_init(params, &us, &sourceterms);
-    if (with_sourceterms && myrank == 0) sourceterms_print(&sourceterms);
-
     /* Construct the engine policy */
     int engine_policies = ENGINE_POLICY | engine_policy_steal;
     if (with_drift_all) engine_policies |= engine_policy_drift_all;
@@ -875,21 +870,18 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
       engine_policies |= engine_policy_external_gravity;
     if (with_cosmology) engine_policies |= engine_policy_cosmology;
     if (with_cooling) engine_policies |= engine_policy_cooling;
-    if (with_sourceterms) engine_policies |= engine_policy_sourceterms;
     if (with_stars) engine_policies |= engine_policy_stars;
+    if (with_star_formation) engine_policies |= engine_policy_star_formation;
     if (with_feedback) engine_policies |= engine_policy_feedback;
     if (with_structure_finding)
       engine_policies |= engine_policy_structure_finding;
 
-    // MATTHIEU: Temporary star formation law
-    // engine_policies |= engine_policy_star_formation;
-
     /* Initialize the engine with the space and policies. */
     if (myrank == 0) clocks_gettime(&tic);
     engine_init(&e, &s, params, N_total[0], N_total[1], N_total[2],
                 engine_policies, talking, &reparttype, &us, &prog_const, &cosmo,
                 &hydro_properties, &gravity_properties, &stars_properties,
-                &mesh, &potential, &cooling_func, &chemistry, &sourceterms);
+                &mesh, &potential, &cooling_func, &chemistry);
     engine_config(0, &e, params, nr_nodes, myrank, nr_threads, with_aff,
                   talking, restart_file);
 
diff --git a/examples/parameter_example.yml b/examples/parameter_example.yml
index 6adccf2963dbeff67755bdac946e7bfb10d4a897..c8a3d8b0e8271d622536e4a9550ea7646406a259 100644
--- a/examples/parameter_example.yml
+++ b/examples/parameter_example.yml
@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ Scheduler:
   cell_sub_size_self_stars:  32000     # (Optional) Maximal number of interactions per sub-self stars task  (this is the default value).
   cell_split_size:           400       # (Optional) Maximal number of particles per cell (this is the default value).
   cell_subdepth_diff_grav:   4         # (Optional) Maximal depth difference between leaves and a cell that gravity tasks can be pushed down to (this is the default value).
+  cell_extra_parts:          0         # (Optional) Number of spare parts per top-level allocated at rebuild time for on-the-fly creation.
+  cell_extra_gparts:         0         # (Optional) Number of spare gparts per top-level allocated at rebuild time for on-the-fly creation.
+  cell_extra_sparts:         400       # (Optional) Number of spare sparts per top-level allocated at rebuild time for on-the-fly creation.
   max_top_level_cells:       12        # (Optional) Maximal number of top-level cells in any dimension. The number of top-level cells will be the cube of this (this is the default value).
   tasks_per_cell:            0         # (Optional) The average number of tasks per cell. If not large enough the simulation will fail (means guess...).
   mpi_message_limit:         4096      # (Optional) Maximum MPI task message size to send non-buffered, KB.
diff --git a/src/Makefile.am b/src/Makefile.am
index e0c5dbe48d22d0340e2ab13a2dfdc833dd115908..114a3dc4d794c302b06c4339d35ed88cbfd13035 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.am
+++ b/src/Makefile.am
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ include_HEADERS = space.h runner.h queue.h task.h lock.h cell.h part.h const.h \
     common_io.h single_io.h multipole.h map.h tools.h partition.h clocks.h parser.h \
     physical_constants.h physical_constants_cgs.h potential.h version.h \
     hydro_properties.h riemann.h threadpool.h cooling_io.h cooling.h cooling_struct.h \
-    sourceterms.h sourceterms_struct.h statistics.h memswap.h cache.h runner_doiact_vec.h profiler.h \
+    statistics.h memswap.h cache.h runner_doiact_vec.h profiler.h \
     dump.h logger.h active.h timeline.h xmf.h gravity_properties.h gravity_derivatives.h \
     gravity_softened_derivatives.h vector_power.h collectgroup.h hydro_space.h sort_part.h \
     chemistry.h chemistry_io.h chemistry_struct.h cosmology.h restart.h space_getsid.h utilities.h \
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ AM_SOURCES = space.c runner.c queue.c task.c cell.c engine.c engine_maketasks.c
     proxy.c parallel_io.c units.c common_io.c single_io.c multipole.c version.c map.c \
     kernel_hydro.c tools.c part.c partition.c clocks.c parser.c \
     physical_constants.c potential.c hydro_properties.c \
-    threadpool.c cooling.c sourceterms.c \
+    threadpool.c cooling.c \
     statistics.c runner_doiact_vec.c profiler.c dump.c logger.c \
     part_type.c xmf.c gravity_properties.c gravity.c \
     collectgroup.c hydro_space.c equation_of_state.c \
@@ -82,7 +82,6 @@ nobase_noinst_HEADERS = align.h approx_math.h atomic.h barrier.h cycle.h error.h
 		 gravity/Default/gravity_debug.h gravity/Default/gravity_part.h  \
 		 gravity/Potential/gravity.h gravity/Potential/gravity_iact.h gravity/Potential/gravity_io.h \
 		 gravity/Potential/gravity_debug.h gravity/Potential/gravity_part.h  \
-		 sourceterms.h \
 		 equation_of_state.h \
 		 equation_of_state/ideal_gas/equation_of_state.h equation_of_state/isothermal/equation_of_state.h \
 	 	 hydro.h hydro_io.h \
diff --git a/src/cell.c b/src/cell.c
index 3fe5e21e7c888f2358395a27e13710db460fd74c..ed54163a008f7fad8294f50458ef8d2004be832d 100644
--- a/src/cell.c
+++ b/src/cell.c
@@ -972,6 +972,7 @@ void cell_split(struct cell *c, ptrdiff_t parts_offset, ptrdiff_t sparts_offset,
   /* Store the counts and offsets. */
   for (int k = 0; k < 8; k++) {
     c->progeny[k]->hydro.count = bucket_count[k];
+    c->progeny[k]->hydro.count_total = c->progeny[k]->hydro.count;
     c->progeny[k]->hydro.parts = &c->hydro.parts[bucket_offset[k]];
     c->progeny[k]->hydro.xparts = &c->hydro.xparts[bucket_offset[k]];
   }
@@ -1089,6 +1090,7 @@ void cell_split(struct cell *c, ptrdiff_t parts_offset, ptrdiff_t sparts_offset,
   /* Store the counts and offsets. */
   for (int k = 0; k < 8; k++) {
     c->progeny[k]->stars.count = bucket_count[k];
+    c->progeny[k]->stars.count_total = c->progeny[k]->stars.count;
     c->progeny[k]->stars.parts = &c->stars.parts[bucket_offset[k]];
   }
 
@@ -1151,6 +1153,7 @@ void cell_split(struct cell *c, ptrdiff_t parts_offset, ptrdiff_t sparts_offset,
   /* Store the counts and offsets. */
   for (int k = 0; k < 8; k++) {
     c->progeny[k]->grav.count = bucket_count[k];
+    c->progeny[k]->grav.count_total = c->progeny[k]->grav.count;
     c->progeny[k]->grav.parts = &c->grav.parts[bucket_offset[k]];
   }
 }
@@ -3813,6 +3816,190 @@ void cell_check_timesteps(struct cell *c) {
 #endif
 }
 
+void cell_check_spart_pos(const struct cell *c,
+                          const struct spart *global_sparts) {
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+
+  /* Recurse */
+  if (c->split) {
+    for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k)
+      if (c->progeny[k] != NULL)
+        cell_check_spart_pos(c->progeny[k], global_sparts);
+  }
+
+  struct spart *sparts = c->stars.parts;
+  const int count = c->stars.count;
+  for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+
+    const struct spart *sp = &sparts[i];
+    if ((sp->x[0] < c->loc[0] / space_stretch) ||
+        (sp->x[1] < c->loc[1] / space_stretch) ||
+        (sp->x[2] < c->loc[2] / space_stretch) ||
+        (sp->x[0] >= (c->loc[0] + c->width[0]) * space_stretch) ||
+        (sp->x[1] >= (c->loc[1] + c->width[1]) * space_stretch) ||
+        (sp->x[2] >= (c->loc[2] + c->width[2]) * space_stretch))
+      error("spart not in its cell!");
+
+    if (sp->time_bin != time_bin_not_created &&
+        sp->time_bin != time_bin_inhibited) {
+
+      const struct gpart *gp = sp->gpart;
+      if (gp == NULL && sp->time_bin != time_bin_not_created)
+        error("Unlinked spart!");
+
+      if (&global_sparts[-gp->id_or_neg_offset] != sp)
+        error("Incorrectly linked spart!");
+    }
+  }
+
+#else
+  error("Calling a degugging function outside debugging mode.");
+#endif
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Recursively update the pointer and counter for #spart after the
+ * addition of a new particle.
+ *
+ * @param c The cell we are working on.
+ * @param progeny_list The list of the progeny index at each level for the
+ * leaf-cell where the particle was added.
+ * @param main_branch Are we in a cell directly above the leaf where the new
+ * particle was added?
+ */
+void cell_recursively_shift_sparts(struct cell *c,
+                                   const int progeny_list[space_cell_maxdepth],
+                                   const int main_branch) {
+  if (c->split) {
+
+    /* No need to recurse in progenies located before the insestion point */
+    const int first_progeny = main_branch ? progeny_list[(int)c->depth] : 0;
+
+    for (int k = first_progeny; k < 8; ++k) {
+
+      if (c->progeny[k] != NULL)
+        cell_recursively_shift_sparts(c->progeny[k], progeny_list,
+                                      main_branch && (k == first_progeny));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* When directly above the leaf with the new particle: increase the particle
+   * count */
+  /* When after the leaf with the new particle: shift by one position */
+  if (main_branch)
+    c->stars.count++;
+  else
+    c->stars.parts++;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief "Add" a #spart in a given #cell.
+ *
+ * This function will a a #spart at the start of the current cell's array by
+ * shifting all the #spart in the top-level cell by one position. All the
+ * pointers and cell counts are updated accordingly.
+ *
+ * @param e The #engine.
+ * @param c The leaf-cell in which to add the #spart.
+ *
+ * @return A pointer to the newly added #spart. The spart has a been zeroed and
+ * given a position within the cell as well as set to the minimal active time
+ * bin.
+ */
+struct spart *cell_add_spart(struct engine *e, struct cell *const c) {
+
+  /* Perform some basic consitency checks */
+  if (c->nodeID != engine_rank) error("Adding spart on a foreign node");
+  if (c->grav.ti_old_part != e->ti_current) error("Undrifted cell!");
+  if (c->split) error("Addition of spart performed above the leaf level");
+
+  /* Progeny number at each level */
+  int progeny[space_cell_maxdepth];
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+  for (int i = 0; i < space_cell_maxdepth; ++i) progeny[i] = -1;
+#endif
+
+  /* Get the top-level this leaf cell is in and compute the progeny indices at
+     each level */
+  struct cell *top = c;
+  while (top->parent != NULL) {
+    for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k) {
+      if (top->parent->progeny[k] == top) {
+        progeny[(int)top->parent->depth] = k;
+      }
+    }
+    top = top->parent;
+  }
+
+  /* Are there any extra particles left? */
+  if (top->stars.count == top->stars.count_total - 1) {
+    message("We ran out of star particles!");
+    atomic_inc(&e->forcerebuild);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  /* Number of particles to shift in order to get a free space. */
+  const size_t n_copy = &top->stars.parts[top->stars.count] - c->stars.parts;
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+  if (c->stars.parts + n_copy > top->stars.parts + top->stars.count)
+    error("Copying beyond the allowed range");
+#endif
+
+  if (n_copy > 0) {
+
+    // MATTHIEU: This can be improved. We don't need to copy everything, just
+    // need to swap a few particles.
+    memmove(&c->stars.parts[1], &c->stars.parts[0],
+            n_copy * sizeof(struct spart));
+
+    /* Update the gpart->spart links (shift by 1) */
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n_copy; ++i) {
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+      if (c->stars.parts[i + 1].gpart == NULL) {
+        error("Incorrectly linked spart!");
+      }
+#endif
+      c->stars.parts[i + 1].gpart->id_or_neg_offset--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Recursively shift all the stars to get a free spot at the start of the
+   * current cell*/
+  cell_recursively_shift_sparts(top, progeny, /* main_branch=*/1);
+
+  /* We now have an empty spart as the first particle in that cell */
+  struct spart *sp = &c->stars.parts[0];
+  bzero(sp, sizeof(struct spart));
+
+  /* Give it a decent position */
+  sp->x[0] = c->loc[0] + 0.5 * c->width[0];
+  sp->x[1] = c->loc[1] + 0.5 * c->width[1];
+  sp->x[2] = c->loc[2] + 0.5 * c->width[2];
+
+  /* Set it to the current time-bin */
+  sp->time_bin = e->min_active_bin;
+
+  top = c;
+  while (top->parent != NULL) {
+    top->grav.ti_end_min = e->ti_current;
+    top = top->parent;
+  }
+  top->grav.ti_end_min = e->ti_current;
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+  /* Specify it was drifted to this point */
+  sp->ti_drift = e->ti_current;
+#endif
+
+  /* Register that we used one of the free slots. */
+  const size_t one = 1;
+  atomic_sub(&e->s->nr_extra_sparts, one);
+
+  return sp;
+}
+
 /**
  * @brief "Remove" a gas particle from the calculation.
  *
@@ -3899,15 +4086,21 @@ void cell_remove_spart(const struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
  * @brief "Remove" a gas particle from the calculation and convert its gpart
  * friend to a dark matter particle.
  *
+ * Note that the #part is not destroyed. The pointer is still valid
+ * after this call and the properties of the #part are not altered
+ * apart from the time-bin and #gpart pointer.
  * The particle is inhibited and will officially be removed at the next rebuild.
  *
  * @param e The #engine running on this node.
  * @param c The #cell from which to remove the particle.
  * @param p The #part to remove.
  * @param xp The extended data of the particle to remove.
+ *
+ * @return Pointer to the #gpart the #part has become. It carries the
+ * ID of the #part and has a dark matter type.
  */
-void cell_convert_part_to_gpart(const struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
-                                struct part *p, struct xpart *xp) {
+struct gpart *cell_convert_part_to_gpart(const struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
+                                         struct part *p, struct xpart *xp) {
 
   /* Quick cross-checks */
   if (c->nodeID != e->nodeID)
@@ -3932,20 +4125,28 @@ void cell_convert_part_to_gpart(const struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
   gp->ti_kick = p->ti_kick;
 #endif
+
+  return gp;
 }
 
 /**
  * @brief "Remove" a spart particle from the calculation and convert its gpart
  * friend to a dark matter particle.
  *
+ * Note that the #spart is not destroyed. The pointer is still valid
+ * after this call and the properties of the #spart are not altered
+ * apart from the time-bin and #gpart pointer.
  * The particle is inhibited and will officially be removed at the next rebuild.
  *
  * @param e The #engine running on this node.
  * @param c The #cell from which to remove the particle.
  * @param sp The #spart to remove.
+ *
+ * @return Pointer to the #gpart the #spart has become. It carries the
+ * ID of the #spart and has a dark matter type.
  */
-void cell_convert_spart_to_gpart(const struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
-                                 struct spart *sp) {
+struct gpart *cell_convert_spart_to_gpart(const struct engine *e,
+                                          struct cell *c, struct spart *sp) {
 
   /* Quick cross-check */
   if (c->nodeID != e->nodeID)
@@ -3970,6 +4171,210 @@ void cell_convert_spart_to_gpart(const struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
   gp->ti_kick = sp->ti_kick;
 #endif
+
+  return gp;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief "Remove" a #part from a #cell and replace it with a #spart
+ * connected to the same #gpart.
+ *
+ * Note that the #part is not destroyed. The pointer is still valid
+ * after this call and the properties of the #part are not altered
+ * apart from the time-bin and #gpart pointer.
+ * The particle is inhibited and will officially be removed at the next rebuild.
+ *
+ * @param e The #engine.
+ * @param c The #cell from which to remove the #part.
+ * @param p The #part to remove (must be inside c).
+ * @param xp The extended data of the #part.
+ *
+ * @return A fresh #spart with the same ID, position, velocity and
+ * time-bin as the original #part.
+ */
+struct spart *cell_convert_part_to_spart(struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
+                                         struct part *p, struct xpart *xp) {
+
+  /* Quick cross-check */
+  if (c->nodeID != e->nodeID)
+    error("Can't remove a particle in a foreign cell.");
+
+  if (p->gpart == NULL)
+    error("Trying to convert part without gpart friend to star!");
+
+  /* Create a fresh (empty) spart */
+  struct spart *sp = cell_add_spart(e, c);
+
+  /* Did we run out of free spart slots? */
+  if (sp == NULL) return NULL;
+
+  /* Destroy the gas particle and get it's gpart friend */
+  struct gpart *gp = cell_convert_part_to_gpart(e, c, p, xp);
+
+  /* Assign the ID back */
+  sp->id = gp->id_or_neg_offset;
+  gp->type = swift_type_stars;
+
+  /* Re-link things */
+  sp->gpart = gp;
+  gp->id_or_neg_offset = -(sp - e->s->sparts);
+
+  /* Synchronize clocks */
+  gp->time_bin = sp->time_bin;
+
+  /* Synchronize masses, positions and velocities */
+  sp->mass = gp->mass;
+  sp->x[0] = gp->x[0];
+  sp->x[1] = gp->x[1];
+  sp->x[2] = gp->x[2];
+  sp->v[0] = gp->v_full[0];
+  sp->v[1] = gp->v_full[1];
+  sp->v[2] = gp->v_full[2];
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+  sp->ti_kick = gp->ti_kick;
+  gp->ti_drift = sp->ti_drift;
+#endif
+
+  /* Set a smoothing length */
+  sp->h = max(c->stars.h_max, c->hydro.h_max);
+
+  /* Here comes the Sun! */
+  return sp;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Re-arrange the #part in a top-level cell such that all the extra ones
+ * for on-the-fly creation are located at the end of the array.
+ *
+ * @param c The #cell to sort.
+ * @param parts_offset The offset between the first #part in the array and the
+ * first #part in the global array in the space structure (for re-linking).
+ */
+void cell_reorder_extra_parts(struct cell *c, const ptrdiff_t parts_offset) {
+
+  struct part *parts = c->hydro.parts;
+  struct xpart *xparts = c->hydro.xparts;
+  const int count_real = c->hydro.count;
+
+  if (c->depth != 0 || c->nodeID != engine_rank)
+    error("This function should only be called on local top-level cells!");
+
+  int first_not_extra = count_real;
+
+  /* Find extra particles */
+  for (int i = 0; i < count_real; ++i) {
+    if (parts[i].time_bin == time_bin_not_created) {
+
+      /* Find the first non-extra particle after the end of the
+         real particles */
+      while (parts[first_not_extra].time_bin == time_bin_not_created) {
+        ++first_not_extra;
+      }
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+      if (first_not_extra >= count_real + space_extra_parts)
+        error("Looking for extra particles beyond this cell's range!");
+#endif
+
+      /* Swap everything, including g-part pointer */
+      memswap(&parts[i], &parts[first_not_extra], sizeof(struct part));
+      memswap(&xparts[i], &xparts[first_not_extra], sizeof(struct xpart));
+      if (parts[i].gpart)
+        parts[i].gpart->id_or_neg_offset = -(i + parts_offset);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Re-arrange the #spart in a top-level cell such that all the extra ones
+ * for on-the-fly creation are located at the end of the array.
+ *
+ * @param c The #cell to sort.
+ * @param sparts_offset The offset between the first #spart in the array and the
+ * first #spart in the global array in the space structure (for re-linking).
+ */
+void cell_reorder_extra_sparts(struct cell *c, const ptrdiff_t sparts_offset) {
+
+  struct spart *sparts = c->stars.parts;
+  const int count_real = c->stars.count;
+
+  if (c->depth != 0 || c->nodeID != engine_rank)
+    error("This function should only be called on local top-level cells!");
+
+  int first_not_extra = count_real;
+
+  /* Find extra particles */
+  for (int i = 0; i < count_real; ++i) {
+    if (sparts[i].time_bin == time_bin_not_created) {
+
+      /* Find the first non-extra particle after the end of the
+         real particles */
+      while (sparts[first_not_extra].time_bin == time_bin_not_created) {
+        ++first_not_extra;
+      }
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+      if (first_not_extra >= count_real + space_extra_sparts)
+        error("Looking for extra particles beyond this cell's range!");
+#endif
+
+      /* Swap everything, including g-part pointer */
+      memswap(&sparts[i], &sparts[first_not_extra], sizeof(struct spart));
+      if (sparts[i].gpart)
+        sparts[i].gpart->id_or_neg_offset = -(i + sparts_offset);
+      sparts[first_not_extra].gpart = NULL;
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+      if (sparts[first_not_extra].time_bin != time_bin_not_created)
+        error("Incorrect swap occured!");
+#endif
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Re-arrange the #gpart in a top-level cell such that all the extra ones
+ * for on-the-fly creation are located at the end of the array.
+ *
+ * @param c The #cell to sort.
+ * @param parts The global array of #part (for re-linking).
+ * @param sparts The global array of #spart (for re-linking).
+ */
+void cell_reorder_extra_gparts(struct cell *c, struct part *parts,
+                               struct spart *sparts) {
+
+  struct gpart *gparts = c->grav.parts;
+  const int count_real = c->grav.count;
+
+  if (c->depth != 0 || c->nodeID != engine_rank)
+    error("This function should only be called on local top-level cells!");
+
+  int first_not_extra = count_real;
+
+  /* Find extra particles */
+  for (int i = 0; i < count_real; ++i) {
+    if (gparts[i].time_bin == time_bin_not_created) {
+
+      /* Find the first non-extra particle after the end of the
+         real particles */
+      while (gparts[first_not_extra].time_bin == time_bin_not_created) {
+        ++first_not_extra;
+      }
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+      if (first_not_extra >= count_real + space_extra_gparts)
+        error("Looking for extra particles beyond this cell's range!");
+#endif
+
+      /* Swap everything (including pointers) */
+      memswap(&gparts[i], &gparts[first_not_extra], sizeof(struct gpart));
+      if (gparts[i].type == swift_type_gas) {
+        parts[-gparts[i].id_or_neg_offset].gpart = &gparts[i];
+      } else if (gparts[i].type == swift_type_stars) {
+        sparts[-gparts[i].id_or_neg_offset].gpart = &gparts[i];
+      }
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/cell.h b/src/cell.h
index 97ca22e584c67de20ca0826425f60523b8158ffa..7178698c425c3791223789930c82761d13fc0116 100644
--- a/src/cell.h
+++ b/src/cell.h
@@ -220,12 +220,12 @@ struct cell {
   /*! The cell dimensions. */
   double width[3];
 
-  /*! Linking pointer for "memory management". */
-  struct cell *next;
-
   /*! Pointers to the next level of cells. */
   struct cell *progeny[8];
 
+  /*! Linking pointer for "memory management". */
+  struct cell *next;
+
   /*! Parent cell. */
   struct cell *parent;
 
@@ -248,18 +248,45 @@ struct cell {
      * pair/self tasks */
     struct cell *super;
 
-    /*! Last (integer) time the cell's part were drifted forward in time. */
-    integertime_t ti_old_part;
+    /*! The task computing this cell's sorts. */
+    struct task *sorts;
 
-    /*! Maximum part movement in this cell since last construction. */
-    float dx_max_part;
+    /*! The drift task for parts */
+    struct task *drift;
 
-    /*! Maximum particle movement in this cell since the last sort. */
-    float dx_max_sort;
+    /*! Linked list of the tasks computing this cell's hydro density. */
+    struct link *density;
+
+    /* Linked list of the tasks computing this cell's hydro gradients. */
+    struct link *gradient;
+
+    /*! Linked list of the tasks computing this cell's hydro forces. */
+    struct link *force;
+
+    /*! Dependency implicit task for the ghost  (in->ghost->out)*/
+    struct task *ghost_in;
+
+    /*! Dependency implicit task for the ghost  (in->ghost->out)*/
+    struct task *ghost_out;
+
+    /*! The ghost task itself */
+    struct task *ghost;
+
+    /*! The extra ghost task for complex hydro schemes */
+    struct task *extra_ghost;
+
+    /*! Task for cooling */
+    struct task *cooling;
+
+    /*! Task for star formation */
+    struct task *star_formation;
 
     /*! Max smoothing length in this cell. */
     double h_max;
 
+    /*! Last (integer) time the cell's part were drifted forward in time. */
+    integertime_t ti_old_part;
+
     /*! Minimum end of (integer) time step in this cell for hydro tasks. */
     integertime_t ti_end_min;
 
@@ -270,20 +297,14 @@ struct cell {
      */
     integertime_t ti_beg_max;
 
-    /*! Nr of #part in this cell. */
-    int count;
-
     /*! Spin lock for various uses (#part case). */
     swift_lock_type lock;
 
-    /*! Number of #part updated in this cell. */
-    int updated;
-
-    /*! Number of #part inhibited in this cell. */
-    int inhibited;
+    /*! Maximum part movement in this cell since last construction. */
+    float dx_max_part;
 
-    /*! Is the #part data of this cell being used in a sub-cell? */
-    int hold;
+    /*! Maximum particle movement in this cell since the last sort. */
+    float dx_max_sort;
 
     /*! Values of h_max before the drifts, used for sub-cell tasks. */
     float h_max_old;
@@ -294,12 +315,30 @@ struct cell {
     /*! Values of dx_max_sort before the drifts, used for sub-cell tasks. */
     float dx_max_sort_old;
 
+    /*! Nr of #part in this cell. */
+    int count;
+
+    /*! Nr of #part this cell can hold after addition of new #part. */
+    int count_total;
+
+    /*! Number of #part updated in this cell. */
+    int updated;
+
+    /*! Number of #part inhibited in this cell. */
+    int inhibited;
+
+    /*! Is the #part data of this cell being used in a sub-cell? */
+    int hold;
+
     /*! Bit mask of sort directions that will be needed in the next timestep. */
     unsigned int requires_sorts;
 
     /*! Bit mask of sorts that need to be computed for this cell. */
     unsigned int do_sort;
 
+    /*! Bit-mask indicating the sorted directions */
+    unsigned int sorted;
+
     /*! Does this cell need to be drifted (hydro)? */
     char do_drift;
 
@@ -309,42 +348,6 @@ struct cell {
     /*! Do any of this cell's sub-cells need to be sorted? */
     char do_sub_sort;
 
-    /*! Bit-mask indicating the sorted directions */
-    unsigned int sorted;
-
-    /*! The task computing this cell's sorts. */
-    struct task *sorts;
-
-    /*! The drift task for parts */
-    struct task *drift;
-
-    /*! Linked list of the tasks computing this cell's hydro density. */
-    struct link *density;
-
-    /* Linked list of the tasks computing this cell's hydro gradients. */
-    struct link *gradient;
-
-    /*! Linked list of the tasks computing this cell's hydro forces. */
-    struct link *force;
-
-    /*! Dependency implicit task for the ghost  (in->ghost->out)*/
-    struct task *ghost_in;
-
-    /*! Dependency implicit task for the ghost  (in->ghost->out)*/
-    struct task *ghost_out;
-
-    /*! The ghost task itself */
-    struct task *ghost;
-
-    /*! The extra ghost task for complex hydro schemes */
-    struct task *extra_ghost;
-
-    /*! Task for cooling */
-    struct task *cooling;
-
-    /*! Task for star formation */
-    struct task *star_formation;
-
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
 
     /*! Last (integer) time the cell's sort arrays were updated. */
@@ -367,6 +370,36 @@ struct cell {
      * tasks */
     struct cell *super;
 
+    /*! The drift task for gparts */
+    struct task *drift;
+
+    /*! Implicit task (going up- and down the tree) for the #gpart drifts */
+    struct task *drift_out;
+
+    /*! Linked list of the tasks computing this cell's gravity forces. */
+    struct link *grav;
+
+    /*! Linked list of the tasks computing this cell's gravity M-M forces. */
+    struct link *mm;
+
+    /*! The multipole initialistation task */
+    struct task *init;
+
+    /*! Implicit task for the gravity initialisation */
+    struct task *init_out;
+
+    /*! Task computing long range non-periodic gravity interactions */
+    struct task *long_range;
+
+    /*! Implicit task for the down propagation */
+    struct task *down_in;
+
+    /*! Task propagating the mesh forces to the particles */
+    struct task *mesh;
+
+    /*! Task propagating the multipole to the particles */
+    struct task *down;
+
     /*! Minimum end of (integer) time step in this cell for gravity tasks. */
     integertime_t ti_end_min;
 
@@ -383,15 +416,18 @@ struct cell {
     /*! Last (integer) time the cell's multipole was drifted forward in time. */
     integertime_t ti_old_multipole;
 
-    /*! Nr of #gpart in this cell. */
-    int count;
-
     /*! Spin lock for various uses (#gpart case). */
     swift_lock_type plock;
 
     /*! Spin lock for various uses (#multipole case). */
     swift_lock_type mlock;
 
+    /*! Nr of #gpart in this cell. */
+    int count;
+
+    /*! Nr of #gpart this cell can hold after addition of new #gpart. */
+    int count_total;
+
     /*! Number of #gpart updated in this cell. */
     int updated;
 
@@ -404,58 +440,49 @@ struct cell {
     /*! Is the #multipole data of this cell being used in a sub-cell? */
     int mhold;
 
+    /*! Number of M-M tasks that are associated with this cell. */
+    short int nr_mm_tasks;
+
     /*! Does this cell need to be drifted (gravity)? */
     char do_drift;
 
     /*! Do any of this cell's sub-cells need to be drifted (gravity)? */
     char do_sub_drift;
 
-    /*! The drift task for gparts */
-    struct task *drift;
-
-    /*! Implicit task (going up- and down the tree) for the #gpart drifts */
-    struct task *drift_out;
-
-    /*! Linked list of the tasks computing this cell's gravity forces. */
-    struct link *grav;
-
-    /*! Linked list of the tasks computing this cell's gravity M-M forces. */
-    struct link *mm;
-
-    /*! The multipole initialistation task */
-    struct task *init;
+  } grav;
 
-    /*! Implicit task for the gravity initialisation */
-    struct task *init_out;
+  /*! Stars variables */
+  struct {
 
-    /*! Task computing long range non-periodic gravity interactions */
-    struct task *long_range;
+    /*! Pointer to the #spart data. */
+    struct spart *parts;
 
-    /*! Implicit task for the down propagation */
-    struct task *down_in;
+    /*! Dependency implicit task for the star ghost  (in->ghost->out)*/
+    struct task *ghost_in;
 
-    /*! Task propagating the mesh forces to the particles */
-    struct task *mesh;
+    /*! Dependency implicit task for the star ghost  (in->ghost->out)*/
+    struct task *ghost_out;
 
-    /*! Task propagating the multipole to the particles */
-    struct task *down;
+    /*! The star ghost task itself */
+    struct task *ghost;
 
-    /*! Number of M-M tasks that are associated with this cell. */
-    short int nr_mm_tasks;
+    /*! Linked list of the tasks computing this cell's star density. */
+    struct link *density;
 
-  } grav;
+    /*! The task computing this cell's sorts. */
+    struct task *sorts;
 
-  /*! Stars variables */
-  struct {
+    /*! Max smoothing length in this cell. */
+    double h_max;
 
-    /*! Pointer to the #spart data. */
-    struct spart *parts;
+    /*! Spin lock for various uses (#spart case). */
+    swift_lock_type lock;
 
     /*! Nr of #spart in this cell. */
     int count;
 
-    /*! Max smoothing length in this cell. */
-    double h_max;
+    /*! Nr of #spart this cell can hold after addition of new #spart. */
+    int count_total;
 
     /*! Values of h_max before the drifts, used for sub-cell tasks. */
     float h_max_old;
@@ -490,21 +517,6 @@ struct cell {
     /*! Maximum end of (integer) time step in this cell for gravity tasks. */
     integertime_t ti_end_min;
 
-    /*! Dependency implicit task for the star ghost  (in->ghost->out)*/
-    struct task *ghost_in;
-
-    /*! Dependency implicit task for the star ghost  (in->ghost->out)*/
-    struct task *ghost_out;
-
-    /*! The star ghost task itself */
-    struct task *ghost;
-
-    /*! The task computing this cell's sorts. */
-    struct task *sorts;
-
-    /*! Linked list of the tasks computing this cell's star density. */
-    struct link *density;
-
     /*! Number of #spart updated in this cell. */
     int updated;
 
@@ -514,9 +526,6 @@ struct cell {
     /*! Is the #spart data of this cell being used in a sub-cell? */
     int hold;
 
-    /*! Spin lock for various uses (#spart case). */
-    swift_lock_type lock;
-
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
     /*! Last (integer) time the cell's sort arrays were updated. */
     integertime_t ti_sort;
@@ -695,6 +704,8 @@ void cell_activate_hydro_sorts(struct cell *c, int sid, struct scheduler *s);
 void cell_activate_stars_sorts(struct cell *c, int sid, struct scheduler *s);
 void cell_clear_drift_flags(struct cell *c, void *data);
 void cell_set_super_mapper(void *map_data, int num_elements, void *extra_data);
+void cell_check_spart_pos(const struct cell *c,
+                          const struct spart *global_sparts);
 int cell_has_tasks(struct cell *c);
 void cell_remove_part(const struct engine *e, struct cell *c, struct part *p,
                       struct xpart *xp);
@@ -702,10 +713,17 @@ void cell_remove_gpart(const struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
                        struct gpart *gp);
 void cell_remove_spart(const struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
                        struct spart *sp);
-void cell_convert_part_to_gpart(const struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
-                                struct part *p, struct xpart *xp);
-void cell_convert_spart_to_gpart(const struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
-                                 struct spart *sp);
+struct spart *cell_add_spart(struct engine *e, struct cell *c);
+struct gpart *cell_convert_part_to_gpart(const struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
+                                         struct part *p, struct xpart *xp);
+struct gpart *cell_convert_spart_to_gpart(const struct engine *e,
+                                          struct cell *c, struct spart *sp);
+struct spart *cell_convert_part_to_spart(struct engine *e, struct cell *c,
+                                         struct part *p, struct xpart *xp);
+void cell_reorder_extra_parts(struct cell *c, const ptrdiff_t parts_offset);
+void cell_reorder_extra_gparts(struct cell *c, struct part *parts,
+                               struct spart *sparts);
+void cell_reorder_extra_sparts(struct cell *c, const ptrdiff_t sparts_offset);
 int cell_can_use_pair_mm(const struct cell *ci, const struct cell *cj,
                          const struct engine *e, const struct space *s);
 int cell_can_use_pair_mm_rebuild(const struct cell *ci, const struct cell *cj,
diff --git a/src/common_io.c b/src/common_io.c
index 087697b489269d97a268966d341093dd666dd9c9..24e74014fd52936023b5c7a41378faf3268bfdb3 100644
--- a/src/common_io.c
+++ b/src/common_io.c
@@ -875,7 +875,8 @@ void io_collect_parts_to_write(const struct part* restrict parts,
   for (size_t i = 0; i < Nparts; ++i) {
 
     /* And collect the ones that have not been removed */
-    if (parts[i].time_bin != time_bin_inhibited) {
+    if (parts[i].time_bin != time_bin_inhibited &&
+        parts[i].time_bin != time_bin_not_created) {
 
       parts_written[count] = parts[i];
       xparts_written[count] = xparts[i];
@@ -909,7 +910,8 @@ void io_collect_sparts_to_write(const struct spart* restrict sparts,
   for (size_t i = 0; i < Nsparts; ++i) {
 
     /* And collect the ones that have not been removed */
-    if (sparts[i].time_bin != time_bin_inhibited) {
+    if (sparts[i].time_bin != time_bin_inhibited &&
+        sparts[i].time_bin != time_bin_not_created) {
 
       sparts_written[count] = sparts[i];
       count++;
@@ -943,6 +945,7 @@ void io_collect_gparts_to_write(const struct gpart* restrict gparts,
 
     /* And collect the ones that have not been removed */
     if ((gparts[i].time_bin != time_bin_inhibited) &&
+        (gparts[i].time_bin != time_bin_not_created) &&
         (gparts[i].type == swift_type_dark_matter)) {
 
       gparts_written[count] = gparts[i];
diff --git a/src/engine.c b/src/engine.c
index 73b7d9b64e744e08e19145a574a3a2b896ab3995..9ae8c8273d690b312b53e76dcacd88f20cb8e9b2 100644
--- a/src/engine.c
+++ b/src/engine.c
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@
 #include "serial_io.h"
 #include "single_io.h"
 #include "sort_part.h"
-#include "sourceterms.h"
 #include "stars_io.h"
 #include "statistics.h"
 #include "timers.h"
@@ -110,7 +109,6 @@ const char *engine_policy_names[] = {"none",
                                      "drift everything",
                                      "reconstruct multi-poles",
                                      "cooling",
-                                     "sourceterms",
                                      "stars",
                                      "structure finding",
                                      "star formation",
@@ -1925,8 +1923,8 @@ int engine_estimate_nr_tasks(struct engine *e) {
     /* Cooling task + extra space */
     n1 += 2;
   }
-  if (e->policy & engine_policy_sourceterms) {
-    n1 += 2;
+  if (e->policy & engine_policy_star_formation) {
+    n1 += 1;
   }
   if (e->policy & engine_policy_stars) {
     /* 2 self (density, feedback), 1 sort, 26/2 density pairs
@@ -2016,9 +2014,10 @@ void engine_rebuild(struct engine *e, int repartitioned,
   const ticks tic2 = getticks();
 
   /* Update the global counters of particles */
-  long long num_particles[3] = {(long long)e->s->nr_parts,
-                                (long long)e->s->nr_gparts,
-                                (long long)e->s->nr_sparts};
+  long long num_particles[3] = {
+      (long long)(e->s->nr_parts - e->s->nr_extra_parts),
+      (long long)(e->s->nr_gparts - e->s->nr_extra_gparts),
+      (long long)(e->s->nr_sparts - e->s->nr_extra_sparts)};
 #ifdef WITH_MPI
   MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, num_particles, 3, MPI_LONG_LONG, MPI_SUM,
                 MPI_COMM_WORLD);
@@ -2588,8 +2587,7 @@ void engine_skip_force_and_kick(struct engine *e) {
         t->type == task_type_timestep || t->subtype == task_subtype_force ||
         t->subtype == task_subtype_grav || t->type == task_type_end_force ||
         t->type == task_type_grav_long_range || t->type == task_type_grav_mm ||
-        t->type == task_type_grav_down || t->type == task_type_cooling ||
-        t->type == task_type_sourceterms)
+        t->type == task_type_grav_down || t->type == task_type_cooling)
       t->skip = 1;
   }
 
@@ -2815,6 +2813,10 @@ void engine_init_particles(struct engine *e, int flag_entropy_ICs,
     double *prev_x = s->parts[0].x;
     long long *prev_id = &s->parts[0].id;
     for (size_t k = 1; k < s->nr_parts; k++) {
+
+      /* Ignore fake buffer particles for on-the-fly creation */
+      if (s->parts[k].time_bin == time_bin_not_created) continue;
+
       if (prev_x[0] == s->parts[k].x[0] && prev_x[1] == s->parts[k].x[1] &&
           prev_x[2] == s->parts[k].x[2]) {
         if (e->verbose)
@@ -2837,6 +2839,10 @@ void engine_init_particles(struct engine *e, int flag_entropy_ICs,
     int failed = 0;
     double *prev_x = s->gparts[0].x;
     for (size_t k = 1; k < s->nr_gparts; k++) {
+
+      /* Ignore fake buffer particles for on-the-fly creation */
+      if (s->gparts[k].time_bin == time_bin_not_created) continue;
+
       if (prev_x[0] == s->gparts[k].x[0] && prev_x[1] == s->gparts[k].x[1] &&
           prev_x[2] == s->gparts[k].x[2]) {
         if (e->verbose)
@@ -3776,8 +3782,8 @@ void engine_split(struct engine *e, struct partition *initial_partition) {
   /* Re-allocate the local parts. */
   if (e->verbose)
     message("Re-allocating parts array from %zu to %zu.", s->size_parts,
-            (size_t)(s->nr_parts * 1.2));
-  s->size_parts = s->nr_parts * 1.2;
+            (size_t)(s->nr_parts * engine_redistribute_alloc_margin));
+  s->size_parts = s->nr_parts * engine_redistribute_alloc_margin;
   struct part *parts_new = NULL;
   struct xpart *xparts_new = NULL;
   if (posix_memalign((void **)&parts_new, part_align,
@@ -3801,8 +3807,8 @@ void engine_split(struct engine *e, struct partition *initial_partition) {
   /* Re-allocate the local sparts. */
   if (e->verbose)
     message("Re-allocating sparts array from %zu to %zu.", s->size_sparts,
-            (size_t)(s->nr_sparts * 1.2));
-  s->size_sparts = s->nr_sparts * 1.2;
+            (size_t)(s->nr_sparts * engine_redistribute_alloc_margin));
+  s->size_sparts = s->nr_sparts * engine_redistribute_alloc_margin;
   struct spart *sparts_new = NULL;
   if (posix_memalign((void **)&sparts_new, spart_align,
                      sizeof(struct spart) * s->size_sparts) != 0)
@@ -3819,8 +3825,8 @@ void engine_split(struct engine *e, struct partition *initial_partition) {
   /* Re-allocate the local gparts. */
   if (e->verbose)
     message("Re-allocating gparts array from %zu to %zu.", s->size_gparts,
-            (size_t)(s->nr_gparts * 1.2));
-  s->size_gparts = s->nr_gparts * 1.2;
+            (size_t)(s->nr_gparts * engine_redistribute_alloc_margin));
+  s->size_gparts = s->nr_gparts * engine_redistribute_alloc_margin;
   struct gpart *gparts_new = NULL;
   if (posix_memalign((void **)&gparts_new, gpart_align,
                      sizeof(struct gpart) * s->size_gparts) != 0)
@@ -4034,7 +4040,6 @@ void engine_unpin(void) {
  * @param potential The properties of the external potential.
  * @param cooling_func The properties of the cooling function.
  * @param chemistry The chemistry information.
- * @param sourceterms The properties of the source terms function.
  */
 void engine_init(struct engine *e, struct space *s, struct swift_params *params,
                  long long Ngas, long long Ngparts, long long Nstars,
@@ -4046,8 +4051,7 @@ void engine_init(struct engine *e, struct space *s, struct swift_params *params,
                  struct pm_mesh *mesh,
                  const struct external_potential *potential,
                  struct cooling_function_data *cooling_func,
-                 const struct chemistry_global_data *chemistry,
-                 struct sourceterms *sourceterms) {
+                 const struct chemistry_global_data *chemistry) {
 
   /* Clean-up everything */
   bzero(e, sizeof(struct engine));
@@ -4110,7 +4114,6 @@ void engine_init(struct engine *e, struct space *s, struct swift_params *params,
   e->external_potential = potential;
   e->cooling_func = cooling_func;
   e->chemistry = chemistry;
-  e->sourceterms = sourceterms;
   e->parameter_file = params;
   e->cell_loc = NULL;
 #ifdef WITH_MPI
@@ -5042,9 +5045,11 @@ void engine_recompute_displacement_constraint(struct engine *e) {
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
   /* Check that the minimal mass collection worked */
   float min_part_mass_check = FLT_MAX;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < e->s->nr_parts; ++i)
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < e->s->nr_parts; ++i) {
+    if (e->s->parts[i].time_bin >= num_time_bins) continue;
     min_part_mass_check =
         min(min_part_mass_check, hydro_get_mass(&e->s->parts[i]));
+  }
   if (min_part_mass_check != min_mass[swift_type_gas])
     error("Error collecting minimal mass of gas particles.");
 #endif
@@ -5204,7 +5209,6 @@ void engine_struct_dump(struct engine *e, FILE *stream) {
   potential_struct_dump(e->external_potential, stream);
   cooling_struct_dump(e->cooling_func, stream);
   chemistry_struct_dump(e->chemistry, stream);
-  sourceterms_struct_dump(e->sourceterms, stream);
   parser_struct_dump(e->parameter_file, stream);
   if (e->output_list_snapshots)
     output_list_struct_dump(e->output_list_snapshots, stream);
@@ -5301,11 +5305,6 @@ void engine_struct_restore(struct engine *e, FILE *stream) {
   chemistry_struct_restore(chemistry, stream);
   e->chemistry = chemistry;
 
-  struct sourceterms *sourceterms =
-      (struct sourceterms *)malloc(sizeof(struct sourceterms));
-  sourceterms_struct_restore(sourceterms, stream);
-  e->sourceterms = sourceterms;
-
   struct swift_params *parameter_file =
       (struct swift_params *)malloc(sizeof(struct swift_params));
   parser_struct_restore(parameter_file, stream);
diff --git a/src/engine.h b/src/engine.h
index 9c39ea15a85d19cf26dfd94a9c42897251c6b42a..d7d916c1bc25fc0d2cbac26c95de406accec5a67 100644
--- a/src/engine.h
+++ b/src/engine.h
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@
 #include "potential.h"
 #include "runner.h"
 #include "scheduler.h"
-#include "sourceterms_struct.h"
 #include "space.h"
 #include "task.h"
 #include "units.h"
@@ -71,13 +70,12 @@ enum engine_policy {
   engine_policy_drift_all = (1 << 11),
   engine_policy_reconstruct_mpoles = (1 << 12),
   engine_policy_cooling = (1 << 13),
-  engine_policy_sourceterms = (1 << 14),
-  engine_policy_stars = (1 << 15),
-  engine_policy_structure_finding = (1 << 16),
-  engine_policy_star_formation = (1 << 17),
-  engine_policy_feedback = (1 << 18)
+  engine_policy_stars = (1 << 14),
+  engine_policy_structure_finding = (1 << 15),
+  engine_policy_star_formation = (1 << 16),
+  engine_policy_feedback = (1 << 17)
 };
-#define engine_maxpolicy 19
+#define engine_maxpolicy 18
 extern const char *engine_policy_names[engine_maxpolicy + 1];
 
 /**
@@ -360,9 +358,6 @@ struct engine {
   /* Properties of the chemistry model */
   const struct chemistry_global_data *chemistry;
 
-  /* Properties of source terms */
-  struct sourceterms *sourceterms;
-
   /* The (parsed) parameter file */
   struct swift_params *parameter_file;
 
@@ -417,8 +412,7 @@ void engine_init(struct engine *e, struct space *s, struct swift_params *params,
                  struct pm_mesh *mesh,
                  const struct external_potential *potential,
                  struct cooling_function_data *cooling_func,
-                 const struct chemistry_global_data *chemistry,
-                 struct sourceterms *sourceterms);
+                 const struct chemistry_global_data *chemistry);
 void engine_config(int restart, struct engine *e, struct swift_params *params,
                    int nr_nodes, int nodeID, int nr_threads, int with_aff,
                    int verbose, const char *restart_file);
diff --git a/src/engine_maketasks.c b/src/engine_maketasks.c
index 68841aa5999441e6a2621f867038a44e9f52794c..2c9fe3cb70cfcf118cdb9d1f6fc36a6f854fd7b5 100644
--- a/src/engine_maketasks.c
+++ b/src/engine_maketasks.c
@@ -666,7 +666,6 @@ void engine_add_ghosts(struct engine *e, struct cell *c, struct task *ghost_in,
 void engine_make_hierarchical_tasks_hydro(struct engine *e, struct cell *c) {
 
   struct scheduler *s = &e->sched;
-  const int is_with_sourceterms = (e->policy & engine_policy_sourceterms);
 
   /* Are we in a super-cell ? */
   if (c->hydro.super == c) {
@@ -696,12 +695,6 @@ void engine_make_hierarchical_tasks_hydro(struct engine *e, struct cell *c) {
       c->hydro.extra_ghost = scheduler_addtask(
           s, task_type_extra_ghost, task_subtype_none, 0, 0, c, NULL);
 #endif
-
-      /* add source terms */
-      if (is_with_sourceterms) {
-        c->sourceterms = scheduler_addtask(s, task_type_sourceterms,
-                                           task_subtype_none, 0, 0, c, NULL);
-      }
     }
 
   } else { /* We are above the super-cell so need to go deeper */
diff --git a/src/hydro/Gadget2/hydro_iact.h b/src/hydro/Gadget2/hydro_iact.h
index 746fd4778563aeaab43bafcc7904683ed5b6811c..a3c5e21dbdf8df60b25b01c0326c33c3a10d1bce 100644
--- a/src/hydro/Gadget2/hydro_iact.h
+++ b/src/hydro/Gadget2/hydro_iact.h
@@ -55,6 +55,13 @@ __attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static void runner_iact_density(
   float wj, wj_dx;
   float dv[3], curlvr[3];
 
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+  if (pi->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
+    error("Inhibited pi in interaction function!");
+  if (pj->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
+    error("Inhibited pj in interaction function!");
+#endif
+
   /* Get the masses. */
   const float mi = pi->mass;
   const float mj = pj->mass;
@@ -145,6 +152,13 @@ __attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static void runner_iact_nonsym_density(
   float wi, wi_dx;
   float dv[3], curlvr[3];
 
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+  if (pi->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
+    error("Inhibited pi in interaction function!");
+  if (pj->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
+    error("Inhibited pj in interaction function!");
+#endif
+
   /* Get the masses. */
   const float mj = pj->mass;
 
@@ -436,6 +450,13 @@ __attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static void runner_iact_force(
 
   float wi, wj, wi_dx, wj_dx;
 
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+  if (pi->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
+    error("Inhibited pi in interaction function!");
+  if (pj->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
+    error("Inhibited pj in interaction function!");
+#endif
+
   /* Cosmological factors entering the EoMs */
   const float fac_mu = pow_three_gamma_minus_five_over_two(a);
   const float a2_Hubble = a * a * H;
@@ -558,6 +579,13 @@ __attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static void runner_iact_nonsym_force(
 
   float wi, wj, wi_dx, wj_dx;
 
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+  if (pi->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
+    error("Inhibited pi in interaction function!");
+  if (pj->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
+    error("Inhibited pj in interaction function!");
+#endif
+
   /* Cosmological factors entering the EoMs */
   const float fac_mu = pow_three_gamma_minus_five_over_two(a);
   const float a2_Hubble = a * a * H;
diff --git a/src/hydro/Minimal/hydro_iact.h b/src/hydro/Minimal/hydro_iact.h
index e060cb3562f1b319c64d6f6523b18858662312e7..b29f44588c2e13bb5b7c5c9cd5297205557c3fc9 100644
--- a/src/hydro/Minimal/hydro_iact.h
+++ b/src/hydro/Minimal/hydro_iact.h
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ __attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static void runner_iact_density(
   float wi, wj, wi_dx, wj_dx;
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
-  if (pi->time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
+  if (pi->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
     error("Inhibited pi in interaction function!");
-  if (pj->time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
+  if (pj->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
     error("Inhibited pj in interaction function!");
 #endif
 
@@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ __attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static void runner_iact_nonsym_density(
   float wi, wi_dx;
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
-  if (pi->time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
+  if (pi->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
     error("Inhibited pi in interaction function!");
-  if (pj->time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
+  if (pj->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
     error("Inhibited pj in interaction function!");
 #endif
 
@@ -196,9 +196,9 @@ __attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static void runner_iact_force(
     struct part *restrict pj, float a, float H) {
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
-  if (pi->time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
+  if (pi->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
     error("Inhibited pi in interaction function!");
-  if (pj->time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
+  if (pj->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
     error("Inhibited pj in interaction function!");
 #endif
 
@@ -323,9 +323,9 @@ __attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static void runner_iact_nonsym_force(
     const struct part *restrict pj, float a, float H) {
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
-  if (pi->time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
+  if (pi->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
     error("Inhibited pi in interaction function!");
-  if (pj->time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
+  if (pj->time_bin >= time_bin_inhibited)
     error("Inhibited pj in interaction function!");
 #endif
 
diff --git a/src/parallel_io.c b/src/parallel_io.c
index febbb4a7db6796fd751cb1eacc174a42936d19a2..7fcc22fcae60a393523315cf4cb928629d41541e 100644
--- a/src/parallel_io.c
+++ b/src/parallel_io.c
@@ -1219,9 +1219,12 @@ void write_output_parallel(struct engine* e, const char* baseName,
   // const size_t Ndm = Ntot > 0 ? Ntot - Nbaryons : 0;
 
   /* Number of particles that we will write */
-  const size_t Ntot_written = e->s->nr_gparts - e->s->nr_inhibited_sparts;
-  const size_t Ngas_written = e->s->nr_parts - e->s->nr_inhibited_parts;
-  const size_t Nstars_written = e->s->nr_sparts - e->s->nr_inhibited_gparts;
+  const size_t Ntot_written =
+      e->s->nr_gparts - e->s->nr_inhibited_gparts - e->s->nr_extra_gparts;
+  const size_t Ngas_written =
+      e->s->nr_parts - e->s->nr_inhibited_parts - e->s->nr_extra_parts;
+  const size_t Nstars_written =
+      e->s->nr_sparts - e->s->nr_inhibited_sparts - e->s->nr_extra_sparts;
   const size_t Nbaryons_written = Ngas_written + Nstars_written;
   const size_t Ndm_written =
       Ntot_written > 0 ? Ntot_written - Nbaryons_written : 0;
diff --git a/src/part.c b/src/part.c
index 3a626e652cf28f0376cadc1d9a40ab85b752e6c1..ec3627d728f69f469cc7d75eb2beb9ae39ed107e 100644
--- a/src/part.c
+++ b/src/part.c
@@ -139,8 +139,9 @@ void part_verify_links(struct part *parts, struct gpart *gparts,
 
   for (size_t k = 0; k < nr_gparts; ++k) {
 
-    /* We have a DM particle */
-    if (gparts[k].type == swift_type_dark_matter) {
+    /* We have a real DM particle */
+    if (gparts[k].type == swift_type_dark_matter &&
+        gparts[k].time_bin != time_bin_not_created) {
 
       /* Check that it's not linked */
       if (gparts[k].id_or_neg_offset <= 0)
diff --git a/src/runner.c b/src/runner.c
index f14f8d8bc2721d0edfaca542b68af645bd5ac1a0..018e35c582efb30d4a0f090b478f8a2adb091d39 100644
--- a/src/runner.c
+++ b/src/runner.c
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@
 #include "runner_doiact_vec.h"
 #include "scheduler.h"
 #include "sort_part.h"
-#include "sourceterms.h"
 #include "space.h"
 #include "space_getsid.h"
 #include "stars.h"
@@ -107,42 +106,6 @@
 #include "runner_doiact_stars.h"
 #undef FUNCTION
 
-/**
- * @brief Perform source terms
- *
- * @param r runner task
- * @param c cell
- * @param timer 1 if the time is to be recorded.
- */
-void runner_do_sourceterms(struct runner *r, struct cell *c, int timer) {
-  const int count = c->hydro.count;
-  const double cell_min[3] = {c->loc[0], c->loc[1], c->loc[2]};
-  const double cell_width[3] = {c->width[0], c->width[1], c->width[2]};
-  struct sourceterms *sourceterms = r->e->sourceterms;
-  const int dimen = 3;
-
-  TIMER_TIC;
-
-  /* Recurse? */
-  if (c->split) {
-    for (int k = 0; k < 8; k++)
-      if (c->progeny[k] != NULL) runner_do_sourceterms(r, c->progeny[k], 0);
-  } else {
-
-    if (count > 0) {
-
-      /* do sourceterms in this cell? */
-      const int incell =
-          sourceterms_test_cell(cell_min, cell_width, sourceterms, dimen);
-      if (incell == 1) {
-        sourceterms_apply(r, sourceterms, c);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (timer) TIMER_TOC(timer_dosource);
-}
-
 /**
  * @brief Intermediate task after the density to check that the smoothing
  * lengths are correct.
@@ -499,7 +462,7 @@ void runner_do_cooling(struct runner *r, struct cell *c, int timer) {
  */
 void runner_do_star_formation(struct runner *r, struct cell *c, int timer) {
 
-  const struct engine *e = r->e;
+  struct engine *e = r->e;
   const struct cosmology *cosmo = e->cosmology;
   const int count = c->hydro.count;
   struct part *restrict parts = c->hydro.parts;
@@ -529,9 +492,16 @@ void runner_do_star_formation(struct runner *r, struct cell *c, int timer) {
 
         // MATTHIEU: Temporary star-formation law
         // Do not use this at home.
-        if (rho > 1.5e7 && e->step > 2) {
+        if (rho > 1.7e7 && e->step > 2) {
           message("Removing particle id=%lld rho=%e", p->id, rho);
-          cell_convert_part_to_gpart(e, c, p, xp);
+
+          struct spart *sp = cell_convert_part_to_spart(e, c, p, xp);
+
+          /* Did we run out of fresh particles? */
+          if (sp == NULL) continue;
+
+          /* Set everything to a valid state */
+          stars_init_spart(sp);
         }
       }
     }
@@ -623,9 +593,6 @@ void runner_do_sort_ascending(struct entry *sort, int N) {
  * @brief Recursively checks that the flags are consistent in a cell hierarchy.
  *
  * Debugging function. Exists in two flavours: hydro & stars.
- *
- * @param c The #cell to check.
- * @param flags The sorting flags to check.
  */
 #define RUNNER_CHECK_SORTS(TYPE)                                               \
   void runner_check_sorts_##TYPE(struct cell *c, int flags) {                  \
@@ -2913,9 +2880,6 @@ void *runner_main(void *data) {
         case task_type_star_formation:
           runner_do_star_formation(r, t->ci, 1);
           break;
-        case task_type_sourceterms:
-          runner_do_sourceterms(r, t->ci, 1);
-          break;
         default:
           error("Unknown/invalid task type (%d).", t->type);
       }
diff --git a/src/serial_io.c b/src/serial_io.c
index 059318df180e0d06e446f9d3f839b16439dd1b34..8ccd2b5fcffd309eb6b4e465dd935922302f4025 100644
--- a/src/serial_io.c
+++ b/src/serial_io.c
@@ -792,9 +792,12 @@ void write_output_serial(struct engine* e, const char* baseName,
   // const size_t Ndm = Ntot > 0 ? Ntot - Nbaryons : 0;
 
   /* Number of particles that we will write */
-  const size_t Ntot_written = e->s->nr_gparts - e->s->nr_inhibited_sparts;
-  const size_t Ngas_written = e->s->nr_parts - e->s->nr_inhibited_parts;
-  const size_t Nstars_written = e->s->nr_sparts - e->s->nr_inhibited_gparts;
+  const size_t Ntot_written =
+      e->s->nr_gparts - e->s->nr_inhibited_gparts - e->s->nr_extra_gparts;
+  const size_t Ngas_written =
+      e->s->nr_parts - e->s->nr_inhibited_parts - e->s->nr_extra_parts;
+  const size_t Nstars_written =
+      e->s->nr_sparts - e->s->nr_inhibited_sparts - e->s->nr_extra_sparts;
   const size_t Nbaryons_written = Ngas_written + Nstars_written;
   const size_t Ndm_written =
       Ntot_written > 0 ? Ntot_written - Nbaryons_written : 0;
diff --git a/src/single_io.c b/src/single_io.c
index 833c4a80cb2f43455d34ad3cd694255b7b19038c..e04e4e9ea9fcea67fb64db6b5756d87d692e6d57 100644
--- a/src/single_io.c
+++ b/src/single_io.c
@@ -654,9 +654,12 @@ void write_output_single(struct engine* e, const char* baseName,
   // const size_t Ndm = Ntot > 0 ? Ntot - Nbaryons : 0;
 
   /* Number of particles that we will write */
-  const size_t Ntot_written = e->s->nr_gparts - e->s->nr_inhibited_sparts;
-  const size_t Ngas_written = e->s->nr_parts - e->s->nr_inhibited_parts;
-  const size_t Nstars_written = e->s->nr_sparts - e->s->nr_inhibited_gparts;
+  const size_t Ntot_written =
+      e->s->nr_gparts - e->s->nr_inhibited_gparts - e->s->nr_extra_gparts;
+  const size_t Ngas_written =
+      e->s->nr_parts - e->s->nr_inhibited_parts - e->s->nr_extra_parts;
+  const size_t Nstars_written =
+      e->s->nr_sparts - e->s->nr_inhibited_sparts - e->s->nr_extra_sparts;
   const size_t Nbaryons_written = Ngas_written + Nstars_written;
   const size_t Ndm_written =
       Ntot_written > 0 ? Ntot_written - Nbaryons_written : 0;
diff --git a/src/sourceterms.c b/src/sourceterms.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 993045e61503e4e78b855816921bc057706b76d1..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/sourceterms.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-/*******************************************************************************
- * This file is part of SWIFT.
- * Copyright (c) 2016 Tom Theuns (tom.theuns@durham.ac.uk)
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published
- * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- *
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-/* Config parameters. */
-#include "../config.h"
-
-/* Local includes. */
-#include "const.h"
-#include "hydro.h"
-#include "parser.h"
-#include "units.h"
-
-/* This object's header. */
-#include "sourceterms.h"
-
-/**
- * @brief Initialises the sourceterms
- *
- * @param parameter_file The parsed parameter file
- * @param us The current internal system of units
- * @param source the structure that has all the source term properties
- */
-void sourceterms_init(struct swift_params *parameter_file,
-                      struct unit_system *us, struct sourceterms *source) {
-#ifdef SOURCETERMS_SN_FEEDBACK
-  supernova_init(parameter_file, us, source);
-#endif /* SOURCETERMS_SN_FEEDBACK */
-};
-
-/**
- * @brief Prints the properties of the source terms to stdout
- * @param source the structure that has all the source term properties
- */
-void sourceterms_print(struct sourceterms *source) {
-#ifdef SOURCETERMS_NONE
-  error(" no sourceterms defined yet you ran with -F");
-#ifdef SOURCETERMS_SN_FEEDBACK
-#error "can't have sourceterms when defined SOURCETERMS_NONE"
-#endif
-#endif
-#ifdef SOURCETERMS_SN_FEEDBACK
-  supernova_print(source);
-#endif /* SOURCETERMS_SN_FEEDBACK */
-};
-
-/**
- * @brief Write a sourceterms struct to the given FILE as a stream of bytes.
- *
- * @param sourceterms the struct
- * @param stream the file stream
- */
-void sourceterms_struct_dump(const struct sourceterms *sourceterms,
-                             FILE *stream) {
-  restart_write_blocks((void *)sourceterms, sizeof(struct sourceterms), 1,
-                       stream, "sourceterms", "sourceterms");
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief Restore a sourceterms struct from the given FILE as a stream of
- * bytes.
- *
- * @param sourceterms the struct
- * @param stream the file stream
- */
-void sourceterms_struct_restore(const struct sourceterms *sourceterms,
-                                FILE *stream) {
-  restart_read_blocks((void *)sourceterms, sizeof(struct sourceterms), 1,
-                      stream, NULL, "sourceterms");
-}
diff --git a/src/sourceterms.h b/src/sourceterms.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 407d2f19362531a3fd3537889593c484319919b5..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/sourceterms.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-/*******************************************************************************
- * This file is part of SWIFT.
- * Coypright (c) 2015 Matthieu Schaller (matthieu.schaller@durham.ac.uk)
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published
- * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- *
- ******************************************************************************/
-#ifndef SWIFT_SOURCETERMS_H
-#define SWIFT_SOURCETERMS_H
-
-/**
- * @file src/sourceterms.h
- * @brief Branches between the different sourceterms functions.
- */
-
-#include "./const.h"
-#include "runner.h"
-
-#ifdef SOURCETERMS_SN_FEEDBACK
-#include "sourceterms/sn_feedback/sn_feedback_struct.h"
-#endif
-
-/* So far only one model here */
-struct sourceterms {
-#ifdef SOURCETERMS_SN_FEEDBACK
-  struct supernova_struct supernova;
-#endif
-};
-#ifdef SOURCETERMS_SN_FEEDBACK
-#include "sourceterms/sn_feedback/sn_feedback.h"
-#endif
-
-void sourceterms_init(struct swift_params* parameter_file,
-                      struct unit_system* us, struct sourceterms* source);
-void sourceterms_print(struct sourceterms* source);
-
-/* Dump/restore. */
-void sourceterms_struct_dump(const struct sourceterms* source, FILE* stream);
-void sourceterms_struct_restore(const struct sourceterms* source, FILE* stream);
-
-/**
- * @brief Routines related to source terms
- * @param cell_min: corner of cell to test
- * @param cell_width: width of cell to test
- * @param sourceterms: properties of source terms to test
- * @param dimen: dimensionality of the problem
- *
- * This routine tests whether a source term should be applied to this cell
- * return: 1 if yes, return: 0 if no
- */
-
-__attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static int sourceterms_test_cell(
-    const double cell_min[], const double cell_width[],
-    struct sourceterms* sourceterms, const int dimen) {
-#ifdef SOURCETERMS_SN_FEEDBACK
-  return supernova_feedback_test_cell(cell_min, cell_width, sourceterms, dimen);
-#endif
-  return 0;
-};
-
-__attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static void sourceterms_apply(
-    struct runner* r, struct sourceterms* sourceterms, struct cell* c) {
-#ifdef SOURCETERMS_SN_FEEDBACK
-  supernova_feedback_apply(r, sourceterms, c);
-#endif
-};
-#endif /*  SWIFT_SOURCETERMS_H */
diff --git a/src/sourceterms/sn_feedback/sn_feedback.h b/src/sourceterms/sn_feedback/sn_feedback.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 411673c37e82ff89d906425d1cadaa135c46a38d..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/sourceterms/sn_feedback/sn_feedback.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,192 +0,0 @@
-/*******************************************************************************
- * This file is part of SWIFT.
- * Copyright (c) 2016 Tom Theuns (tom.theuns@durham.ac.uk)
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published
- * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- *
- ******************************************************************************/
-#ifndef SWIFT_SN_FEEDBACK_H
-#define SWIFT_SN_FEEDBACK_H
-#include <float.h>
-/* Config parameters. */
-#include "../config.h"
-
-#include "engine.h"
-#include "equation_of_state.h"
-#include "hydro.h"
-#include "runner.h"
-#include "timestep.h"
-
-/**
- * @file src/sourceterms/sn_feedback.h
- *
- * @brief Routines related to sourceterms (supernova feedback): determine if
- * feedback occurs in this cell
- *
- * @param cell_min: corner of cell to test
- * @param cell_width: width of cell to test
- * @param sourceterms: properties of source terms to test
- * @param dimen: dimensionality of the problem
- *
- * This routine tests whether a source term should be applied to this cell
- * return: 1 if yes, return: 0 if no
- */
-__attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static int supernova_feedback_test_cell(
-    const double cell_min[], const double cell_width[],
-    struct sourceterms* sourceterms, const int dimen) {
-  if (sourceterms->supernova.status == supernova_is_done) return 0;
-
-  const double location[3] = {sourceterms->supernova.x,
-                              sourceterms->supernova.y,
-                              sourceterms->supernova.z};
-  for (int i = 0; i < dimen; i++) {
-    if (cell_min[i] > location[i]) return 0;
-    if ((cell_min[i] + cell_width[i]) <= location[i]) return 0;
-  };
-  return 1;
-};
-
-/**
- * @file src/sourceterms/sn_feedback.h
- *
- * @brief Routines related to source terms (supernova feedback): perform
- * feedback in this cell
- * @param r: the runner
- * @param sourceterms the structure describing the source terms properties
- * @param c the cell to apply feedback to
- *
- * This routine heats an individual particle (p), increasing its thermal energy
- * per unit mass
- *      by supernova energy / particle mass.
- */
-__attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static void supernova_feedback_apply(
-    struct runner* restrict r, struct sourceterms* restrict sourceterms,
-    struct cell* restrict c) {
-
-  const int count = c->count;
-  struct part* restrict parts = c->parts;
-  struct xpart* restrict xparts = c->xparts;
-  const double timeBase = r->e->timeBase;
-  const int ti_current = r->e->ti_current;
-
-  /* inject SN energy into the particle with highest id in this cell if it is
-   * active */
-  int imax = 0;
-  struct part* restrict p_sn = NULL;
-  struct xpart* restrict xp_sn = NULL;
-
-  for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-
-    /* Get a direct pointer on the part. */
-    struct part* restrict p = &parts[i];
-    if (p->id > imax) {
-      imax = p->id;
-      p_sn = p;
-      xp_sn = &xparts[i];
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* Is this part within the time step? */
-  if (p_sn->ti_begin == ti_current) {
-
-    /* Does this time step straddle the feedback injection time? */
-    const float t_begin = p_sn->ti_begin * timeBase;
-    const float t_end = p_sn->ti_end * timeBase;
-    if (t_begin <= sourceterms->supernova.time &&
-        t_end > sourceterms->supernova.time) {
-
-      /* store old time step */
-      const int dti_old = p_sn->ti_end - p_sn->ti_begin;
-
-      /* add supernova feedback */
-      const float u_old = hydro_get_internal_energy(p_sn, 0);
-      const float ent_old = hydro_get_entropy(p_sn, 0.0);
-      const float u_new =
-          u_old + sourceterms->supernova.energy / hydro_get_mass(p_sn);
-      hydro_set_internal_energy(p_sn, u_new);
-      const float u_set = hydro_get_internal_energy(p_sn, 0.0);
-      const float ent_set = hydro_get_entropy(p_sn, 0.0);
-      message(
-          " applied super nova, time = %e, location= %e %e %e velocity= %e %e "
-          "%e",
-          ti_current * timeBase, p_sn->x[0], p_sn->x[1], p_sn->x[2], p_sn->v[0],
-          p_sn->v[1], p_sn->v[2]);
-      message(
-          " injected SN energy in particle = %lld, increased energy from %e to "
-          "%e and is notw %e, entropy from %e to %e",
-          p_sn->id, u_old, u_new, u_set, ent_old, ent_set);
-
-      /* label supernova as done */
-      sourceterms->supernova.status = supernova_is_done;
-
-      /* update timestep if new time step shorter than old time step */
-      const int dti = get_part_timestep(p_sn, xp_sn, r->e);
-      if (dti < dti_old) {
-        p_sn->ti_end = p_sn->ti_begin + dti;
-        message(" changed timestep from %d to %d", dti_old, dti);
-
-        /* apply simple time-step limiter on all particles in same cell:
-         */
-        int i_limit = 0;
-        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-          struct part* restrict p = &parts[i];
-          const int dti_old = p->ti_end - p->ti_begin;
-          if (dti_old > 2 * dti) {
-            i_limit++;
-            const int dti_new = 2 * dti;
-            p->ti_end = p->ti_begin + dti_new;
-            message(" old step = %d new step = %d", dti_old, dti_new);
-          } else
-            message(" old step = %d", dti_old);
-        }
-        message(" count= %d limited timestep of %d particles ", count, i_limit);
-      } /* end of limiter */
-      error("end");
-    }
-  }
-};
-
-/**
- * @file src/sourceterms/sn_feedback.h
- *
- * @brief Routine to initialise supernova feedback
- * @param parameterfile: the parse parmeter file
- * @param us: the unit system in use
- * @param sourceterms the structure describing the source terms properties
- *
- * This routine heats an individual particle (p), increasing its thermal energy
- * per unit mass
- *      by supernova energy / particle mass.
- */
-
-__attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static void supernova_init(
-    struct swift_params* parameter_file, struct unit_system* us,
-    struct sourceterms* source) {
-  source->supernova.time = parser_get_param_double(parameter_file, "SN:time");
-  source->supernova.energy =
-      parser_get_param_double(parameter_file, "SN:energy");
-  source->supernova.x = parser_get_param_double(parameter_file, "SN:x");
-  source->supernova.y = parser_get_param_double(parameter_file, "SN:y");
-  source->supernova.z = parser_get_param_double(parameter_file, "SN:z");
-  source->supernova.status = supernova_is_not_done;
-}
-__attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static void supernova_print(
-    struct sourceterms* source) {
-  message(
-      " Single SNe of energy= %e will explode at time= %e at location "
-      "(%e,%e,%e)",
-      source->supernova.energy, source->supernova.time, source->supernova.x,
-      source->supernova.y, source->supernova.z);
-}
-#endif /* SWIFT_SN_FEEDBACK_H */
diff --git a/src/sourceterms/sn_feedback/sn_feedback_struct.h b/src/sourceterms/sn_feedback/sn_feedback_struct.h
deleted file mode 100644
index dd1842a6717c6c5a20352324cbe6b018c73e7b3e..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/sourceterms/sn_feedback/sn_feedback_struct.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-/*******************************************************************************
- * This file is part of SWIFT.
- * Copyright (c) 2016 Tom Theuns (tom.theuns@durham.ac.uk)
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published
- * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- *
- ******************************************************************************/
-/**
- * @file src/sourceterms/sn_feedback_struct.h
- * @brief Routines related to source terms (feedback)
- *
- * enumeration type that sets if supernova explosion is done (is_done) or still
- * needs doing (is_not_done)
- */
-#ifndef SWIFT_SN_FEEDBACK_STRUCT_H
-#define SWIFT_SN_FEEDBACK_STRUCT_H
-enum supernova_status { supernova_is_done, supernova_is_not_done };
-
-/**
- * @file src/sourceterms/sn_feedback_struct.h
- * @brief Routines related to source terms (feedback)
- *
- * The structure that describes the source term (supernova feedback)
- * It specifies the time, energy and location of the desired supernova
- * explosion, and a status (supernova_is_done/supernova_is_not_done)
- * that records the status of the supernova
- */
-struct supernova_struct {
-  double time;
-  double energy;
-  double x, y, z;
-  enum supernova_status status;
-};
-#endif /* SWIFT_SN_FEEDBACK_STRUCT_H */
diff --git a/src/sourceterms_struct.h b/src/sourceterms_struct.h
deleted file mode 100644
index b3c38986db52d72df825fda97b36c985dff922b6..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/sourceterms_struct.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-/*******************************************************************************
- * This file is part of SWIFT.
- * Coypright (c) 2015 Matthieu Schaller (matthieu.schaller@durham.ac.uk)
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published
- * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- *
- ******************************************************************************/
-#ifndef SWIFT_SOURCETERMS_STRUCT_H
-#define SWIFT_SOURCETERMS_STRUCT_H
-#include "./const.h"
-#ifdef SOURCETERMS_SN_FEEDBACK
-#include "sourceterms/sn_feedback/sn_feedback_struct.h"
-#endif
-
-#endif /*  SWIFT_SOURCETERMS_STRUCT_H */
diff --git a/src/space.c b/src/space.c
index 82f369a501bc1be13d27d8096acc8a57a004a580..fa34146d80071fc0c581675ec259b2b139c9e25e 100644
--- a/src/space.c
+++ b/src/space.c
@@ -70,6 +70,18 @@ int space_subsize_pair_stars = space_subsize_pair_stars_default;
 int space_subsize_self_stars = space_subsize_self_stars_default;
 int space_subdepth_diff_grav = space_subdepth_diff_grav_default;
 int space_maxsize = space_maxsize_default;
+
+/*! Number of extra #part we allocate memory for per top-level cell */
+int space_extra_parts = space_extra_parts_default;
+
+/*! Number of extra #spart we allocate memory for per top-level cell */
+int space_extra_sparts = space_extra_sparts_default;
+
+/*! Number of extra #gpart we allocate memory for per top-level cell */
+int space_extra_gparts = space_extra_gparts_default;
+
+/*! Expected maximal number of strays received at a rebuild */
+int space_expected_max_nr_strays = space_expected_max_nr_strays_default;
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
 int last_cell_id;
 #endif
@@ -104,9 +116,12 @@ struct index_data {
   struct space *s;
   int *ind;
   int *cell_counts;
-  int count_inhibited_part;
-  int count_inhibited_gpart;
-  int count_inhibited_spart;
+  size_t count_inhibited_part;
+  size_t count_inhibited_gpart;
+  size_t count_inhibited_spart;
+  size_t count_extra_part;
+  size_t count_extra_gpart;
+  size_t count_extra_spart;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -136,13 +151,13 @@ void space_rebuild_recycle_rec(struct space *s, struct cell *c,
         c->progeny[k]->next = *cell_rec_begin;
         *cell_rec_begin = c->progeny[k];
 
-        if (s->gravity) {
+        if (s->with_self_gravity) {
           c->progeny[k]->grav.multipole->next = *multipole_rec_begin;
           *multipole_rec_begin = c->progeny[k]->grav.multipole;
         }
 
         if (*cell_rec_end == NULL) *cell_rec_end = *cell_rec_begin;
-        if (s->gravity && *multipole_rec_end == NULL)
+        if (s->with_self_gravity && *multipole_rec_end == NULL)
           *multipole_rec_end = *multipole_rec_begin;
 
         c->progeny[k]->grav.multipole = NULL;
@@ -182,12 +197,15 @@ void space_rebuild_recycle_mapper(void *map_data, int num_elements,
     c->hydro.sorted = 0;
     c->stars.sorted = 0;
     c->hydro.count = 0;
+    c->hydro.count_total = 0;
     c->hydro.updated = 0;
     c->hydro.inhibited = 0;
     c->grav.count = 0;
+    c->grav.count_total = 0;
     c->grav.updated = 0;
     c->grav.inhibited = 0;
     c->stars.count = 0;
+    c->stars.count_total = 0;
     c->stars.updated = 0;
     c->stars.inhibited = 0;
     c->grav.init = NULL;
@@ -232,7 +250,8 @@ void space_rebuild_recycle_mapper(void *map_data, int num_elements,
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
     c->cellID = 0;
 #endif
-    if (s->gravity) bzero(c->grav.multipole, sizeof(struct gravity_tensors));
+    if (s->with_self_gravity)
+      bzero(c->grav.multipole, sizeof(struct gravity_tensors));
     for (int i = 0; i < 13; i++) {
       if (c->hydro.sort[i] != NULL) {
         free(c->hydro.sort[i]);
@@ -445,7 +464,7 @@ void space_regrid(struct space *s, int verbose) {
     bzero(s->cells_top, s->nr_cells * sizeof(struct cell));
 
     /* Allocate the multipoles for the top-level cells. */
-    if (s->gravity) {
+    if (s->with_self_gravity) {
       if (posix_memalign((void **)&s->multipoles_top, multipole_align,
                          s->nr_cells * sizeof(struct gravity_tensors)) != 0)
         error("Failed to allocate top-level multipoles.");
@@ -525,7 +544,7 @@ void space_regrid(struct space *s, int verbose) {
           c->mpi.grav.recv = NULL;
           c->mpi.grav.send = NULL;
 #endif  // WITH_MPI
-          if (s->gravity) c->grav.multipole = &s->multipoles_top[cid];
+          if (s->with_self_gravity) c->grav.multipole = &s->multipoles_top[cid];
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
           c->cellID = -last_cell_id;
           last_cell_id++;
@@ -602,6 +621,341 @@ void space_regrid(struct space *s, int verbose) {
             clocks_getunit());
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Allocate memory for the extra particles used for on-the-fly creation.
+ *
+ * This rarely actually allocates memory. Most of the time, we convert
+ * pre-allocated memory inot extra particles.
+ *
+ * This function also sets the extra particles' location to their top-level
+ * cells. They can then be sorted into their correct memory position later on.
+ *
+ * @param s The current #space.
+ * @param verbose Are we talkative?
+ */
+void space_allocate_extras(struct space *s, int verbose) {
+
+  const int local_nodeID = s->e->nodeID;
+
+  /* Anything to do here? (Abort if we don't want extras)*/
+  if (space_extra_parts == 0 && space_extra_gparts == 0 &&
+      space_extra_sparts == 0)
+    return;
+
+  /* The top-level cells */
+  const struct cell *cells = s->cells_top;
+  const double half_cell_width[3] = {0.5 * cells[0].width[0],
+                                     0.5 * cells[0].width[1],
+                                     0.5 * cells[0].width[2]};
+
+  /* The current number of particles (including spare ones) */
+  size_t nr_parts = s->nr_parts;
+  size_t nr_gparts = s->nr_gparts;
+  size_t nr_sparts = s->nr_sparts;
+
+  /* The current number of actual particles */
+  size_t nr_actual_parts = nr_parts - s->nr_extra_parts;
+  size_t nr_actual_gparts = nr_gparts - s->nr_extra_gparts;
+  size_t nr_actual_sparts = nr_sparts - s->nr_extra_sparts;
+
+  /* The number of particles we allocated memory for (MPI overhead) */
+  size_t size_parts = s->size_parts;
+  size_t size_gparts = s->size_gparts;
+  size_t size_sparts = s->size_sparts;
+
+  int local_cells = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < s->nr_cells; ++i)
+    if (s->cells_top[i].nodeID == local_nodeID) local_cells++;
+
+  /* Number of extra particles we want for each type */
+  const size_t expected_num_extra_parts = local_cells * space_extra_parts;
+  const size_t expected_num_extra_gparts = local_cells * space_extra_gparts;
+  const size_t expected_num_extra_sparts = local_cells * space_extra_sparts;
+
+  if (verbose) {
+    message("Currently have %zd/%zd/%zd real particles.", nr_actual_parts,
+            nr_actual_gparts, nr_actual_sparts);
+    message("Currently have %zd/%zd/%zd spaces for extra particles.",
+            s->nr_extra_parts, s->nr_extra_gparts, s->nr_extra_sparts);
+    message("Requesting space for future %zd/%zd/%zd part/gpart/sparts.",
+            expected_num_extra_parts, expected_num_extra_gparts,
+            expected_num_extra_sparts);
+  }
+
+  if (expected_num_extra_parts < s->nr_extra_parts)
+    error("Reduction in top-level cells number not handled.");
+  if (expected_num_extra_gparts < s->nr_extra_gparts)
+    error("Reduction in top-level cells number not handled.");
+  if (expected_num_extra_sparts < s->nr_extra_sparts)
+    error("Reduction in top-level cells number not handled.");
+
+  /* Do we have enough space for the extra gparts (i.e. we haven't used up any)
+   * ? */
+  if (nr_gparts + expected_num_extra_gparts > size_gparts) {
+
+    /* Ok... need to put some more in the game */
+
+    /* Do we need to reallocate? */
+    if (nr_actual_gparts + expected_num_extra_gparts > size_gparts) {
+
+      size_gparts = (nr_actual_gparts + expected_num_extra_gparts) *
+                    engine_redistribute_alloc_margin;
+
+      if (verbose)
+        message("Re-allocating gparts array from %zd to %zd", s->size_gparts,
+                size_gparts);
+
+      /* Create more space for parts */
+      struct gpart *gparts_new = NULL;
+      if (posix_memalign((void **)&gparts_new, gpart_align,
+                         sizeof(struct gpart) * size_gparts) != 0)
+        error("Failed to allocate new gpart data");
+      const ptrdiff_t delta = gparts_new - s->gparts;
+      memcpy(gparts_new, s->gparts, sizeof(struct gpart) * s->size_gparts);
+      free(s->gparts);
+      s->gparts = gparts_new;
+
+      /* Update the counter */
+      s->size_gparts = size_gparts;
+
+      /* We now need to reset all the part and spart pointers */
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_parts; ++i) {
+        if (s->parts[i].time_bin != time_bin_not_created)
+          s->parts[i].gpart += delta;
+      }
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_sparts; ++i) {
+        if (s->sparts[i].time_bin != time_bin_not_created)
+          s->sparts[i].gpart += delta;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Turn some of the allocated spares into particles we can use */
+    for (size_t i = nr_gparts; i < nr_actual_gparts + expected_num_extra_gparts;
+         ++i) {
+      bzero(&s->gparts[i], sizeof(struct gpart));
+      s->gparts[i].time_bin = time_bin_not_created;
+      s->gparts[i].type = swift_type_dark_matter;
+      s->gparts[i].id_or_neg_offset = -1;
+    }
+
+      /* Put the spare particles in their correct cell */
+#ifdef WITH_MPI
+    error("Need to do this correctly over MPI for only the local cells.");
+#endif
+    int count_in_cell = 0, current_cell = 0;
+    size_t count_extra_gparts = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_actual_gparts + expected_num_extra_gparts; ++i) {
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+      if (current_cell == s->nr_cells)
+        error("Cell counter beyond the maximal nr. cells.");
+#endif
+
+      if (s->gparts[i].time_bin == time_bin_not_created) {
+
+        /* We want the extra particles to be at the centre of their cell */
+        s->gparts[i].x[0] = cells[current_cell].loc[0] + half_cell_width[0];
+        s->gparts[i].x[1] = cells[current_cell].loc[1] + half_cell_width[1];
+        s->gparts[i].x[2] = cells[current_cell].loc[2] + half_cell_width[2];
+        ++count_in_cell;
+        count_extra_gparts++;
+      }
+
+      /* Once we have reached the number of extra gpart per cell, we move to the
+       * next */
+      if (count_in_cell == space_extra_gparts) {
+        ++current_cell;
+        count_in_cell = 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+    if (count_extra_gparts != expected_num_extra_gparts)
+      error("Constructed the wrong number of extra gparts (%zd vs. %zd)",
+            count_extra_gparts, expected_num_extra_gparts);
+#endif
+
+    /* Update the counters */
+    s->nr_gparts = nr_actual_gparts + expected_num_extra_gparts;
+    s->nr_extra_gparts = expected_num_extra_gparts;
+  }
+
+  /* Do we have enough space for the extra parts (i.e. we haven't used up any) ?
+   */
+  if (expected_num_extra_parts > s->nr_extra_parts) {
+
+    /* Ok... need to put some more in the game */
+
+    /* Do we need to reallocate? */
+    if (nr_actual_parts + expected_num_extra_parts > size_parts) {
+
+      size_parts = (nr_actual_parts + expected_num_extra_parts) *
+                   engine_redistribute_alloc_margin;
+
+      if (verbose)
+        message("Re-allocating parts array from %zd to %zd", s->size_parts,
+                size_parts);
+
+      /* Create more space for parts */
+      struct part *parts_new = NULL;
+      if (posix_memalign((void **)&parts_new, part_align,
+                         sizeof(struct part) * size_parts) != 0)
+        error("Failed to allocate new part data");
+      memcpy(parts_new, s->parts, sizeof(struct part) * s->size_parts);
+      free(s->parts);
+      s->parts = parts_new;
+
+      /* Same for xparts */
+      struct xpart *xparts_new = NULL;
+      if (posix_memalign((void **)&xparts_new, xpart_align,
+                         sizeof(struct xpart) * size_parts) != 0)
+        error("Failed to allocate new xpart data");
+      memcpy(xparts_new, s->xparts, sizeof(struct xpart) * s->size_parts);
+      free(s->xparts);
+      s->xparts = xparts_new;
+
+      /* Update the counter */
+      s->size_parts = size_parts;
+    }
+
+    /* Turn some of the allocated spares into particles we can use */
+    for (size_t i = nr_parts; i < nr_actual_parts + expected_num_extra_parts;
+         ++i) {
+      bzero(&s->parts[i], sizeof(struct part));
+      bzero(&s->xparts[i], sizeof(struct xpart));
+      s->parts[i].time_bin = time_bin_not_created;
+      s->parts[i].id = -1;
+    }
+
+      /* Put the spare particles in their correct cell */
+#ifdef WITH_MPI
+    error("Need to do this correctly over MPI for only the local cells.");
+#endif
+    int count_in_cell = 0, current_cell = 0;
+    size_t count_extra_parts = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_actual_parts + expected_num_extra_parts; ++i) {
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+      if (current_cell == s->nr_cells)
+        error("Cell counter beyond the maximal nr. cells.");
+#endif
+
+      if (s->parts[i].time_bin == time_bin_not_created) {
+
+        /* We want the extra particles to be at the centre of their cell */
+        s->parts[i].x[0] = cells[current_cell].loc[0] + half_cell_width[0];
+        s->parts[i].x[1] = cells[current_cell].loc[1] + half_cell_width[1];
+        s->parts[i].x[2] = cells[current_cell].loc[2] + half_cell_width[2];
+        ++count_in_cell;
+        count_extra_parts++;
+      }
+
+      /* Once we have reached the number of extra part per cell, we move to the
+       * next */
+      if (count_in_cell == space_extra_parts) {
+        ++current_cell;
+        count_in_cell = 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+    if (count_extra_parts != expected_num_extra_parts)
+      error("Constructed the wrong number of extra parts (%zd vs. %zd)",
+            count_extra_parts, expected_num_extra_parts);
+#endif
+
+    /* Update the counters */
+    s->nr_parts = nr_actual_parts + expected_num_extra_parts;
+    s->nr_extra_parts = expected_num_extra_parts;
+  }
+
+  /* Do we have enough space for the extra sparts (i.e. we haven't used up any)
+   * ? */
+  if (nr_actual_sparts + expected_num_extra_sparts > nr_sparts) {
+
+    /* Ok... need to put some more in the game */
+
+    /* Do we need to reallocate? */
+    if (nr_actual_sparts + expected_num_extra_sparts > size_sparts) {
+
+      size_sparts = (nr_actual_sparts + expected_num_extra_sparts) *
+                    engine_redistribute_alloc_margin;
+
+      if (verbose)
+        message("Re-allocating sparts array from %zd to %zd", s->size_sparts,
+                size_sparts);
+
+      /* Create more space for parts */
+      struct spart *sparts_new = NULL;
+      if (posix_memalign((void **)&sparts_new, spart_align,
+                         sizeof(struct spart) * size_sparts) != 0)
+        error("Failed to allocate new spart data");
+      memcpy(sparts_new, s->sparts, sizeof(struct spart) * s->size_sparts);
+      free(s->sparts);
+      s->sparts = sparts_new;
+
+      /* Update the counter */
+      s->size_sparts = size_sparts;
+    }
+
+    /* Turn some of the allocated spares into particles we can use */
+    for (size_t i = nr_sparts; i < nr_actual_sparts + expected_num_extra_sparts;
+         ++i) {
+      bzero(&s->sparts[i], sizeof(struct spart));
+      s->sparts[i].time_bin = time_bin_not_created;
+      s->sparts[i].id = -42;
+    }
+
+      /* Put the spare particles in their correct cell */
+#ifdef WITH_MPI
+    error("Need to do this correctly over MPI for only the local cells.");
+#endif
+    int count_in_cell = 0, current_cell = 0;
+    size_t count_extra_sparts = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_actual_sparts + expected_num_extra_sparts; ++i) {
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+      if (current_cell == s->nr_cells)
+        error("Cell counter beyond the maximal nr. cells.");
+#endif
+
+      if (s->sparts[i].time_bin == time_bin_not_created) {
+
+        /* We want the extra particles to be at the centre of their cell */
+        s->sparts[i].x[0] = cells[current_cell].loc[0] + half_cell_width[0];
+        s->sparts[i].x[1] = cells[current_cell].loc[1] + half_cell_width[1];
+        s->sparts[i].x[2] = cells[current_cell].loc[2] + half_cell_width[2];
+        ++count_in_cell;
+        count_extra_sparts++;
+      }
+
+      /* Once we have reached the number of extra spart per cell, we move to the
+       * next */
+      if (count_in_cell == space_extra_sparts) {
+        ++current_cell;
+        count_in_cell = 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+    if (count_extra_sparts != expected_num_extra_sparts)
+      error("Constructed the wrong number of extra sparts (%zd vs. %zd)",
+            count_extra_sparts, expected_num_extra_sparts);
+#endif
+
+    /* Update the counters */
+    s->nr_sparts = nr_actual_sparts + expected_num_extra_sparts;
+    s->nr_extra_sparts = expected_num_extra_sparts;
+  }
+
+#ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+  /* Verify that the links are correct */
+  if ((nr_gparts > 0 && nr_parts > 0) || (nr_gparts > 0 && nr_sparts > 0))
+    part_verify_links(s->parts, s->gparts, s->sparts, nr_parts, nr_gparts,
+                      nr_sparts, verbose);
+#endif
+}
+
 /**
  * @brief Re-build the cells as well as the tasks.
  *
@@ -622,67 +976,105 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
   /* Re-grid if necessary, or just re-set the cell data. */
   space_regrid(s, verbose);
 
+  /* Allocate extra space for particles that will be created */
+  if (s->with_star_formation) space_allocate_extras(s, verbose);
+
+  struct cell *cells_top = s->cells_top;
+  const integertime_t ti_current = (s->e != NULL) ? s->e->ti_current : 0;
+  const int local_nodeID = s->e->nodeID;
+
+  /* The current number of particles */
   size_t nr_parts = s->nr_parts;
   size_t nr_gparts = s->nr_gparts;
   size_t nr_sparts = s->nr_sparts;
-  int count_inhibited_parts = 0;
-  int count_inhibited_gparts = 0;
-  int count_inhibited_sparts = 0;
-  struct cell *restrict cells_top = s->cells_top;
-  const integertime_t ti_current = (s->e != NULL) ? s->e->ti_current : 0;
 
-  /* Run through the particles and get their cell index. Allocates
-     an index that is larger than the number of particles to avoid
-     re-allocating after shuffling. */
-  const size_t ind_size = s->size_parts + 100;
-  int *ind = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * ind_size);
-  if (ind == NULL) error("Failed to allocate temporary particle indices.");
-  int *cell_part_counts = (int *)calloc(sizeof(int), s->nr_cells);
-  if (cell_part_counts == NULL)
-    error("Failed to allocate cell part count buffer.");
-  if (s->size_parts > 0)
-    space_parts_get_cell_index(s, ind, cell_part_counts, &count_inhibited_parts,
-                               verbose);
+  /* The number of particles we allocated memory for */
+  size_t size_parts = s->size_parts;
+  size_t size_gparts = s->size_gparts;
+  size_t size_sparts = s->size_sparts;
+
+  /* Counter for the number of inhibited particles found on the node */
+  size_t count_inhibited_parts = 0;
+  size_t count_inhibited_gparts = 0;
+  size_t count_inhibited_sparts = 0;
+
+  /* Counter for the number of extra particles found on the node */
+  size_t count_extra_parts = 0;
+  size_t count_extra_gparts = 0;
+  size_t count_extra_sparts = 0;
+
+  /* Number of particles we expect to have after strays exchange */
+  const size_t h_index_size = size_parts + space_expected_max_nr_strays;
+  const size_t g_index_size = size_gparts + space_expected_max_nr_strays;
+  const size_t s_index_size = size_sparts + space_expected_max_nr_strays;
+
+  /* Allocate arrays to store the indices of the cells where particles
+     belong. We allocate extra space to allow for particles we may
+     receive from other nodes */
+  int *h_index = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * h_index_size);
+  int *g_index = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * g_index_size);
+  int *s_index = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * s_index_size);
+  if (h_index == NULL || g_index == NULL || s_index == NULL)
+    error("Failed to allocate temporary particle indices.");
+
+  /* Allocate counters of particles that will land in each cell */
+  int *cell_part_counts = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * s->nr_cells);
+  int *cell_gpart_counts = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * s->nr_cells);
+  int *cell_spart_counts = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * s->nr_cells);
+  if (cell_part_counts == NULL || cell_gpart_counts == NULL ||
+      cell_spart_counts == NULL)
+    error("Failed to allocate cell particle count buffer.");
+
+  /* Initialise the counters, including buffer space for future particles */
+  for (int i = 0; i < s->nr_cells; ++i) {
+    cell_part_counts[i] = 0;
+    cell_gpart_counts[i] = 0;
+    cell_spart_counts[i] = 0;
+  }
 
-  /* Run through the gravity particles and get their cell index. */
-  const size_t gind_size = s->size_gparts + 100;
-  int *gind = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * gind_size);
-  if (gind == NULL) error("Failed to allocate temporary g-particle indices.");
-  int *cell_gpart_counts = (int *)calloc(sizeof(int), s->nr_cells);
-  if (cell_gpart_counts == NULL)
-    error("Failed to allocate cell gpart count buffer.");
-  if (s->size_gparts > 0)
-    space_gparts_get_cell_index(s, gind, cell_gpart_counts,
-                                &count_inhibited_gparts, verbose);
-
-  /* Run through the star particles and get their cell index. */
-  const size_t sind_size = s->size_sparts + 100;
-  int *sind = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * sind_size);
-  if (sind == NULL) error("Failed to allocate temporary s-particle indices.");
-  int *cell_spart_counts = (int *)calloc(sizeof(int), s->nr_cells);
-  if (cell_spart_counts == NULL)
-    error("Failed to allocate cell gpart count buffer.");
-  if (s->size_sparts > 0)
-    space_sparts_get_cell_index(s, sind, cell_spart_counts,
-                                &count_inhibited_sparts, verbose);
+  /* Run through the particles and get their cell index. */
+  if (nr_parts > 0)
+    space_parts_get_cell_index(s, h_index, cell_part_counts,
+                               &count_inhibited_parts, &count_extra_parts,
+                               verbose);
+  if (nr_gparts > 0)
+    space_gparts_get_cell_index(s, g_index, cell_gpart_counts,
+                                &count_inhibited_gparts, &count_extra_gparts,
+                                verbose);
+  if (nr_sparts > 0)
+    space_sparts_get_cell_index(s, s_index, cell_spart_counts,
+                                &count_inhibited_sparts, &count_extra_sparts,
+                                verbose);
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+  /* Some safety checks */
   if (repartitioned && count_inhibited_parts)
     error("We just repartitioned but still found inhibited parts.");
   if (repartitioned && count_inhibited_sparts)
     error("We just repartitioned but still found inhibited sparts.");
   if (repartitioned && count_inhibited_gparts)
     error("We just repartitioned but still found inhibited gparts.");
-#endif
 
-  const int local_nodeID = s->e->nodeID;
+  if (count_extra_parts != s->nr_extra_parts)
+    error(
+        "Number of extra parts in the part array not matching the space "
+        "counter.");
+  if (count_extra_gparts != s->nr_extra_gparts)
+    error(
+        "Number of extra gparts in the gpart array not matching the space "
+        "counter.");
+  if (count_extra_sparts != s->nr_extra_sparts)
+    error(
+        "Number of extra sparts in the spart array not matching the space "
+        "counter.");
+#endif
 
   /* Move non-local parts and inhibited parts to the end of the list. */
   if (!repartitioned && (s->e->nr_nodes > 1 || count_inhibited_parts > 0)) {
     for (size_t k = 0; k < nr_parts; /* void */) {
 
       /* Inhibited particle or foreign particle */
-      if (ind[k] == -1 || cells_top[ind[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID) {
+      if (h_index[k] == -1 || cells_top[h_index[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID) {
 
         /* One fewer particle */
         nr_parts -= 1;
@@ -701,7 +1093,7 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
         /* Swap the xpart */
         memswap(&s->xparts[k], &s->xparts[nr_parts], sizeof(struct xpart));
         /* Swap the index */
-        memswap(&ind[k], &ind[nr_parts], sizeof(int));
+        memswap(&h_index[k], &h_index[nr_parts], sizeof(int));
 
       } else {
         /* Increment when not exchanging otherwise we need to retest "k".*/
@@ -712,17 +1104,17 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
   /* Check that all parts are in the correct places. */
-  int check_count_inhibited_part = 0;
+  size_t check_count_inhibited_part = 0;
   for (size_t k = 0; k < nr_parts; k++) {
-    if (ind[k] == -1 || cells_top[ind[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID) {
+    if (h_index[k] == -1 || cells_top[h_index[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID) {
       error("Failed to move all non-local parts to send list");
     }
   }
   for (size_t k = nr_parts; k < s->nr_parts; k++) {
-    if (ind[k] != -1 && cells_top[ind[k]].nodeID == local_nodeID) {
+    if (h_index[k] != -1 && cells_top[h_index[k]].nodeID == local_nodeID) {
       error("Failed to remove local parts from send list");
     }
-    if (ind[k] == -1) ++check_count_inhibited_part;
+    if (h_index[k] == -1) ++check_count_inhibited_part;
   }
   if (check_count_inhibited_part != count_inhibited_parts)
     error("Counts of inhibited particles do not match!");
@@ -733,7 +1125,7 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
     for (size_t k = 0; k < nr_sparts; /* void */) {
 
       /* Inhibited particle or foreign particle */
-      if (sind[k] == -1 || cells_top[sind[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID) {
+      if (s_index[k] == -1 || cells_top[s_index[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID) {
 
         /* One fewer particle */
         nr_sparts -= 1;
@@ -750,7 +1142,7 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
         }
 
         /* Swap the index */
-        memswap(&sind[k], &sind[nr_sparts], sizeof(int));
+        memswap(&s_index[k], &s_index[nr_sparts], sizeof(int));
 
       } else {
         /* Increment when not exchanging otherwise we need to retest "k".*/
@@ -761,17 +1153,17 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
   /* Check that all sparts are in the correct place. */
-  int check_count_inhibited_spart = 0;
+  size_t check_count_inhibited_spart = 0;
   for (size_t k = 0; k < nr_sparts; k++) {
-    if (sind[k] == -1 || cells_top[sind[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID) {
+    if (s_index[k] == -1 || cells_top[s_index[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID) {
       error("Failed to move all non-local sparts to send list");
     }
   }
   for (size_t k = nr_sparts; k < s->nr_sparts; k++) {
-    if (sind[k] != -1 && cells_top[sind[k]].nodeID == local_nodeID) {
+    if (s_index[k] != -1 && cells_top[s_index[k]].nodeID == local_nodeID) {
       error("Failed to remove local sparts from send list");
     }
-    if (sind[k] == -1) ++check_count_inhibited_spart;
+    if (s_index[k] == -1) ++check_count_inhibited_spart;
   }
   if (check_count_inhibited_spart != count_inhibited_sparts)
     error("Counts of inhibited s-particles do not match!");
@@ -782,7 +1174,7 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
     for (size_t k = 0; k < nr_gparts; /* void */) {
 
       /* Inhibited particle or foreign particle */
-      if (gind[k] == -1 || cells_top[gind[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID) {
+      if (g_index[k] == -1 || cells_top[g_index[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID) {
 
         /* One fewer particle */
         nr_gparts -= 1;
@@ -805,7 +1197,7 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
         }
 
         /* Swap the index */
-        memswap(&gind[k], &gind[nr_gparts], sizeof(int));
+        memswap(&g_index[k], &g_index[nr_gparts], sizeof(int));
       } else {
         /* Increment when not exchanging otherwise we need to retest "k".*/
         k++;
@@ -815,17 +1207,17 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
   /* Check that all gparts are in the correct place. */
-  int check_count_inhibited_gpart = 0;
+  size_t check_count_inhibited_gpart = 0;
   for (size_t k = 0; k < nr_gparts; k++) {
-    if (gind[k] == -1 || cells_top[gind[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID) {
+    if (g_index[k] == -1 || cells_top[g_index[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID) {
       error("Failed to move all non-local gparts to send list");
     }
   }
   for (size_t k = nr_gparts; k < s->nr_gparts; k++) {
-    if (gind[k] != -1 && cells_top[gind[k]].nodeID == local_nodeID) {
+    if (g_index[k] != -1 && cells_top[g_index[k]].nodeID == local_nodeID) {
       error("Failed to remove local gparts from send list");
     }
-    if (gind[k] == -1) ++check_count_inhibited_gpart;
+    if (g_index[k] == -1) ++check_count_inhibited_gpart;
   }
   if (check_count_inhibited_gpart != count_inhibited_gparts)
     error("Counts of inhibited g-particles do not match!");
@@ -834,21 +1226,23 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
 #ifdef WITH_MPI
 
   /* Exchange the strays, note that this potentially re-allocates
-     the parts arrays. This can be skipped if we just repartitioned aspace
-     there should be no strays */
+     the parts arrays. This can be skipped if we just repartitioned space
+     as there should be no strays in that case */
   if (!repartitioned) {
 
     size_t nr_parts_exchanged = s->nr_parts - nr_parts;
     size_t nr_gparts_exchanged = s->nr_gparts - nr_gparts;
     size_t nr_sparts_exchanged = s->nr_sparts - nr_sparts;
-    engine_exchange_strays(s->e, nr_parts, &ind[nr_parts], &nr_parts_exchanged,
-                           nr_gparts, &gind[nr_gparts], &nr_gparts_exchanged,
-                           nr_sparts, &sind[nr_sparts], &nr_sparts_exchanged);
+    engine_exchange_strays(s->e, nr_parts, &h_index[nr_parts],
+                           &nr_parts_exchanged, nr_gparts, &g_index[nr_gparts],
+                           &nr_gparts_exchanged, nr_sparts, &s_index[nr_sparts],
+                           &nr_sparts_exchanged);
 
     /* Set the new particle counts. */
     s->nr_parts = nr_parts + nr_parts_exchanged;
     s->nr_gparts = nr_gparts + nr_gparts_exchanged;
     s->nr_sparts = nr_sparts + nr_sparts_exchanged;
+
   } else {
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
     if (s->nr_parts != nr_parts)
@@ -870,23 +1264,23 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
   }
 
   /* Re-allocate the index array for the parts if needed.. */
-  if (s->nr_parts + 1 > ind_size) {
+  if (s->nr_parts + 1 > h_index_size) {
     int *ind_new;
     if ((ind_new = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * (s->nr_parts + 1))) == NULL)
       error("Failed to allocate temporary particle indices.");
-    memcpy(ind_new, ind, sizeof(int) * nr_parts);
-    free(ind);
-    ind = ind_new;
+    memcpy(ind_new, h_index, sizeof(int) * nr_parts);
+    free(h_index);
+    h_index = ind_new;
   }
 
   /* Re-allocate the index array for the sparts if needed.. */
-  if (s->nr_sparts + 1 > sind_size) {
+  if (s->nr_sparts + 1 > s_index_size) {
     int *sind_new;
     if ((sind_new = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * (s->nr_sparts + 1))) == NULL)
       error("Failed to allocate temporary s-particle indices.");
-    memcpy(sind_new, sind, sizeof(int) * nr_sparts);
-    free(sind);
-    sind = sind_new;
+    memcpy(sind_new, s_index, sizeof(int) * nr_sparts);
+    free(s_index);
+    s_index = sind_new;
   }
 
   const int cdim[3] = {s->cdim[0], s->cdim[1], s->cdim[2]};
@@ -895,13 +1289,13 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
   /* Assign each received part to its cell. */
   for (size_t k = nr_parts; k < s->nr_parts; k++) {
     const struct part *const p = &s->parts[k];
-    ind[k] =
+    h_index[k] =
         cell_getid(cdim, p->x[0] * ih[0], p->x[1] * ih[1], p->x[2] * ih[2]);
-    cell_part_counts[ind[k]]++;
+    cell_part_counts[h_index[k]]++;
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
-    if (cells_top[ind[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID)
+    if (cells_top[h_index[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID)
       error("Received part that does not belong to me (nodeID=%i).",
-            cells_top[ind[k]].nodeID);
+            cells_top[h_index[k]].nodeID);
 #endif
   }
   nr_parts = s->nr_parts;
@@ -909,13 +1303,13 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
   /* Assign each received spart to its cell. */
   for (size_t k = nr_sparts; k < s->nr_sparts; k++) {
     const struct spart *const sp = &s->sparts[k];
-    sind[k] =
+    s_index[k] =
         cell_getid(cdim, sp->x[0] * ih[0], sp->x[1] * ih[1], sp->x[2] * ih[2]);
-    cell_spart_counts[sind[k]]++;
+    cell_spart_counts[s_index[k]]++;
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
-    if (cells_top[sind[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID)
+    if (cells_top[s_index[k]].nodeID != local_nodeID)
       error("Received s-part that does not belong to me (nodeID=%i).",
-            cells_top[sind[k]].nodeID);
+            cells_top[s_index[k]].nodeID);
 #endif
   }
   nr_sparts = s->nr_sparts;
@@ -930,8 +1324,8 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
 
   /* Sort the parts according to their cells. */
   if (nr_parts > 0)
-    space_parts_sort(s->parts, s->xparts, ind, cell_part_counts, s->nr_cells,
-                     0);
+    space_parts_sort(s->parts, s->xparts, h_index, cell_part_counts,
+                     s->nr_cells, 0);
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
   /* Verify that the part have been sorted correctly. */
@@ -949,7 +1343,7 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
     /* New cell of this part */
     const struct cell *c = &s->cells_top[new_ind];
 
-    if (ind[k] != new_ind)
+    if (h_index[k] != new_ind)
       error("part's new cell index not matching sorted index.");
 
     if (p->x[0] < c->loc[0] || p->x[0] > c->loc[0] + c->width[0] ||
@@ -961,7 +1355,7 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
 
   /* Sort the sparts according to their cells. */
   if (nr_sparts > 0)
-    space_sparts_sort(s->sparts, sind, cell_spart_counts, s->nr_cells, 0);
+    space_sparts_sort(s->sparts, s_index, cell_spart_counts, s->nr_cells, 0);
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
   /* Verify that the spart have been sorted correctly. */
@@ -979,7 +1373,7 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
     /* New cell of this spart */
     const struct cell *c = &s->cells_top[new_sind];
 
-    if (sind[k] != new_sind)
+    if (s_index[k] != new_sind)
       error("spart's new cell index not matching sorted index.");
 
     if (sp->x[0] < c->loc[0] || sp->x[0] > c->loc[0] + c->width[0] ||
@@ -989,54 +1383,58 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
   }
 #endif /* SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS */
 
-  /* Extract the cell counts from the sorted indices. */
+  /* Extract the cell counts from the sorted indices. Deduct the extra
+   * particles. */
   size_t last_index = 0;
-  ind[nr_parts] = s->nr_cells;  // sentinel.
+  h_index[nr_parts] = s->nr_cells;  // sentinel.
   for (size_t k = 0; k < nr_parts; k++) {
-    if (ind[k] < ind[k + 1]) {
-      cells_top[ind[k]].hydro.count = k - last_index + 1;
+    if (h_index[k] < h_index[k + 1]) {
+      cells_top[h_index[k]].hydro.count =
+          k - last_index + 1 - space_extra_parts;
       last_index = k + 1;
     }
   }
 
-  /* Extract the cell counts from the sorted indices. */
+  /* Extract the cell counts from the sorted indices. Deduct the extra
+   * particles. */
   size_t last_sindex = 0;
-  sind[nr_sparts] = s->nr_cells;  // sentinel.
+  s_index[nr_sparts] = s->nr_cells;  // sentinel.
   for (size_t k = 0; k < nr_sparts; k++) {
-    if (sind[k] < sind[k + 1]) {
-      cells_top[sind[k]].stars.count = k - last_sindex + 1;
+    if (s_index[k] < s_index[k + 1]) {
+      cells_top[s_index[k]].stars.count =
+          k - last_sindex + 1 - space_extra_sparts;
       last_sindex = k + 1;
     }
   }
 
   /* We no longer need the indices as of here. */
-  free(ind);
+  free(h_index);
   free(cell_part_counts);
-  free(sind);
+  free(s_index);
   free(cell_spart_counts);
 
 #ifdef WITH_MPI
 
   /* Re-allocate the index array for the gparts if needed.. */
-  if (s->nr_gparts + 1 > gind_size) {
+  if (s->nr_gparts + 1 > g_index_size) {
     int *gind_new;
     if ((gind_new = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * (s->nr_gparts + 1))) == NULL)
       error("Failed to allocate temporary g-particle indices.");
-    memcpy(gind_new, gind, sizeof(int) * nr_gparts);
-    free(gind);
-    gind = gind_new;
+    memcpy(gind_new, g_index, sizeof(int) * nr_gparts);
+    free(g_index);
+    g_index = gind_new;
   }
 
   /* Assign each received gpart to its cell. */
   for (size_t k = nr_gparts; k < s->nr_gparts; k++) {
     const struct gpart *const p = &s->gparts[k];
-    gind[k] =
+    g_index[k] =
         cell_getid(cdim, p->x[0] * ih[0], p->x[1] * ih[1], p->x[2] * ih[2]);
-    cell_gpart_counts[gind[k]]++;
+    cell_gpart_counts[g_index[k]]++;
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
-    if (cells_top[gind[k]].nodeID != s->e->nodeID)
+    if (cells_top[g_index[k]].nodeID != s->e->nodeID)
       error("Received g-part that does not belong to me (nodeID=%i).",
-            cells_top[gind[k]].nodeID);
+            cells_top[g_index[k]].nodeID);
 #endif
   }
   nr_gparts = s->nr_gparts;
@@ -1055,8 +1453,8 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
 
   /* Sort the gparts according to their cells. */
   if (nr_gparts > 0)
-    space_gparts_sort(s->gparts, s->parts, s->sparts, gind, cell_gpart_counts,
-                      s->nr_cells);
+    space_gparts_sort(s->gparts, s->parts, s->sparts, g_index,
+                      cell_gpart_counts, s->nr_cells);
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
   /* Verify that the gpart have been sorted correctly. */
@@ -1074,7 +1472,7 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
     /* New cell of this gpart */
     const struct cell *c = &s->cells_top[new_gind];
 
-    if (gind[k] != new_gind)
+    if (g_index[k] != new_gind)
       error("gpart's new cell index not matching sorted index.");
 
     if (gp->x[0] < c->loc[0] || gp->x[0] > c->loc[0] + c->width[0] ||
@@ -1084,18 +1482,20 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
   }
 #endif /* SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS */
 
-  /* Extract the cell counts from the sorted indices. */
+  /* Extract the cell counts from the sorted indices. Deduct the extra
+   * particles. */
   size_t last_gindex = 0;
-  gind[nr_gparts] = s->nr_cells;
+  g_index[nr_gparts] = s->nr_cells;
   for (size_t k = 0; k < nr_gparts; k++) {
-    if (gind[k] < gind[k + 1]) {
-      cells_top[gind[k]].grav.count = k - last_gindex + 1;
+    if (g_index[k] < g_index[k + 1]) {
+      cells_top[g_index[k]].grav.count =
+          k - last_gindex + 1 - space_extra_gparts;
       last_gindex = k + 1;
     }
   }
 
   /* We no longer need the indices as of here. */
-  free(gind);
+  free(g_index);
   free(cell_gpart_counts);
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
@@ -1134,10 +1534,15 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
       c->hydro.xparts = xfinger;
       c->grav.parts = gfinger;
       c->stars.parts = sfinger;
-      finger = &finger[c->hydro.count];
-      xfinger = &xfinger[c->hydro.count];
-      gfinger = &gfinger[c->grav.count];
-      sfinger = &sfinger[c->stars.count];
+
+      c->hydro.count_total = c->hydro.count + space_extra_parts;
+      c->grav.count_total = c->grav.count + space_extra_gparts;
+      c->stars.count_total = c->stars.count + space_extra_sparts;
+
+      finger = &finger[c->hydro.count_total];
+      xfinger = &xfinger[c->hydro.count_total];
+      gfinger = &gfinger[c->grav.count_total];
+      sfinger = &sfinger[c->stars.count_total];
 
       /* Add this cell to the list of local cells */
       s->local_cells_top[s->nr_local_cells] = k;
@@ -1160,13 +1565,17 @@ void space_rebuild(struct space *s, int repartitioned, int verbose) {
             clocks_from_ticks(getticks() - tic2), clocks_getunit());
   }
 
-  /* At this point, we have the upper-level cells, old or new. Now make
-     sure that the parts in each cell are ok. */
+  /* Re-order the extra particles such that they are at the end of their cell's
+     memory pool. */
+  if (s->with_star_formation) space_reorder_extras(s, verbose);
+
+  /* At this point, we have the upper-level cells. Now recursively split each
+     cell to get the full AMR grid. */
   space_split(s, verbose);
 
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
   /* Check that the multipole construction went OK */
-  if (s->gravity)
+  if (s->with_self_gravity)
     for (int k = 0; k < s->nr_cells; k++)
       cell_check_multipole(&s->cells_top[k]);
 #endif
@@ -1201,6 +1610,75 @@ void space_split(struct space *s, int verbose) {
             clocks_getunit());
 }
 
+void space_reorder_extra_parts_mapper(void *map_data, int num_cells,
+                                      void *extra_data) {
+
+  struct cell *cells_top = (struct cell *)map_data;
+  struct space *s = (struct space *)extra_data;
+
+  for (int ind = 0; ind < num_cells; ind++) {
+    struct cell *c = &cells_top[ind];
+    cell_reorder_extra_parts(c, c->hydro.parts - s->parts);
+  }
+}
+
+void space_reorder_extra_gparts_mapper(void *map_data, int num_cells,
+                                       void *extra_data) {
+
+  struct cell *cells_top = (struct cell *)map_data;
+  struct space *s = (struct space *)extra_data;
+
+  for (int ind = 0; ind < num_cells; ind++) {
+    struct cell *c = &cells_top[ind];
+    cell_reorder_extra_gparts(c, s->parts, s->sparts);
+  }
+}
+
+void space_reorder_extra_sparts_mapper(void *map_data, int num_cells,
+                                       void *extra_data) {
+
+  struct cell *cells_top = (struct cell *)map_data;
+  struct space *s = (struct space *)extra_data;
+
+  for (int ind = 0; ind < num_cells; ind++) {
+    struct cell *c = &cells_top[ind];
+    cell_reorder_extra_sparts(c, c->stars.parts - s->sparts);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Re-orders the particles in each cell such that the extra particles
+ * for on-the-fly creation are located at the end of their respective cells.
+ *
+ * This assumes that all the particles (real and extra) have already been sorted
+ * in their correct top-level cell.
+ *
+ * @param s The #space to act upon.
+ * @param verbose Are we talkative?
+ */
+void space_reorder_extras(struct space *s, int verbose) {
+
+#ifdef WITH_MPI
+  if (space_extra_parts || space_extra_gparts || space_extra_sparts)
+    error("Need an MPI-proof version of this.");
+#endif
+
+  /* Re-order the gas particles */
+  if (space_extra_parts)
+    threadpool_map(&s->e->threadpool, space_reorder_extra_parts_mapper,
+                   s->cells_top, s->nr_cells, sizeof(struct cell), 0, s);
+
+  /* Re-order the gravity particles */
+  if (space_extra_gparts)
+    threadpool_map(&s->e->threadpool, space_reorder_extra_gparts_mapper,
+                   s->cells_top, s->nr_cells, sizeof(struct cell), 0, s);
+
+  /* Re-order the star particles */
+  if (space_extra_sparts)
+    threadpool_map(&s->e->threadpool, space_reorder_extra_sparts_mapper,
+                   s->cells_top, s->nr_cells, sizeof(struct cell), 0, s);
+}
+
 /**
  * @brief #threadpool mapper function to sanitize the cells
  *
@@ -1264,7 +1742,8 @@ void space_parts_get_cell_index_mapper(void *map_data, int nr_parts,
   /* Init the local collectors */
   float min_mass = FLT_MAX;
   float sum_vel_norm = 0.f;
-  int count_inhibited_part = 0;
+  size_t count_inhibited_part = 0;
+  size_t count_extra_part = 0;
 
   /* Loop over the parts. */
   for (int k = 0; k < nr_parts; k++) {
@@ -1296,26 +1775,31 @@ void space_parts_get_cell_index_mapper(void *map_data, int nr_parts,
             pos_z);
 #endif
 
-    /* Is this particle to be removed? */
     if (p->time_bin == time_bin_inhibited) {
+      /* Is this particle to be removed? */
       ind[k] = -1;
       ++count_inhibited_part;
+    } else if (p->time_bin == time_bin_not_created) {
+      /* Is this a place-holder for on-the-fly creation? */
+      ind[k] = index;
+      cell_counts[index]++;
+      ++count_extra_part;
     } else {
-      /* List its top-level cell index */
+      /* Normal case: list its top-level cell index */
       ind[k] = index;
       cell_counts[index]++;
-    }
 
-    /* Compute minimal mass */
-    min_mass = min(min_mass, hydro_get_mass(p));
+      /* Compute minimal mass */
+      min_mass = min(min_mass, hydro_get_mass(p));
 
-    /* Compute sum of velocity norm */
-    sum_vel_norm += p->v[0] * p->v[0] + p->v[1] * p->v[1] + p->v[2] * p->v[2];
+      /* Compute sum of velocity norm */
+      sum_vel_norm += p->v[0] * p->v[0] + p->v[1] * p->v[1] + p->v[2] * p->v[2];
 
-    /* Update the position */
-    p->x[0] = pos_x;
-    p->x[1] = pos_y;
-    p->x[2] = pos_z;
+      /* Update the position */
+      p->x[0] = pos_x;
+      p->x[1] = pos_y;
+      p->x[2] = pos_z;
+    }
   }
 
   /* Write the counts back to the global array. */
@@ -1323,8 +1807,10 @@ void space_parts_get_cell_index_mapper(void *map_data, int nr_parts,
     if (cell_counts[k]) atomic_add(&data->cell_counts[k], cell_counts[k]);
   free(cell_counts);
 
-  /* Write the count of inhibited parts */
-  atomic_add(&data->count_inhibited_part, count_inhibited_part);
+  /* Write the count of inhibited and extra parts */
+  if (count_inhibited_part)
+    atomic_add(&data->count_inhibited_part, count_inhibited_part);
+  if (count_extra_part) atomic_add(&data->count_extra_part, count_extra_part);
 
   /* Write back the minimal part mass and velocity sum */
   atomic_min_f(&s->min_part_mass, min_mass);
@@ -1364,7 +1850,8 @@ void space_gparts_get_cell_index_mapper(void *map_data, int nr_gparts,
   /* Init the local collectors */
   float min_mass = FLT_MAX;
   float sum_vel_norm = 0.f;
-  int count_inhibited_gpart = 0;
+  size_t count_inhibited_gpart = 0;
+  size_t count_extra_gpart = 0;
 
   for (int k = 0; k < nr_gparts; k++) {
 
@@ -1395,31 +1882,36 @@ void space_gparts_get_cell_index_mapper(void *map_data, int nr_gparts,
             pos_z);
 #endif
 
-    /* Is this particle to be removed? */
     if (gp->time_bin == time_bin_inhibited) {
+      /* Is this particle to be removed? */
       ind[k] = -1;
       ++count_inhibited_gpart;
+    } else if (gp->time_bin == time_bin_not_created) {
+      /* Is this a place-holder for on-the-fly creation? */
+      ind[k] = index;
+      cell_counts[index]++;
+      ++count_extra_gpart;
     } else {
       /* List its top-level cell index */
       ind[k] = index;
       cell_counts[index]++;
-    }
 
-    if (gp->type == swift_type_dark_matter) {
+      if (gp->type == swift_type_dark_matter) {
 
-      /* Compute minimal mass */
-      min_mass = min(min_mass, gp->mass);
+        /* Compute minimal mass */
+        min_mass = min(min_mass, gp->mass);
 
-      /* Compute sum of velocity norm */
-      sum_vel_norm += gp->v_full[0] * gp->v_full[0] +
-                      gp->v_full[1] * gp->v_full[1] +
-                      gp->v_full[2] * gp->v_full[2];
-    }
+        /* Compute sum of velocity norm */
+        sum_vel_norm += gp->v_full[0] * gp->v_full[0] +
+                        gp->v_full[1] * gp->v_full[1] +
+                        gp->v_full[2] * gp->v_full[2];
+      }
 
-    /* Update the position */
-    gp->x[0] = pos_x;
-    gp->x[1] = pos_y;
-    gp->x[2] = pos_z;
+      /* Update the position */
+      gp->x[0] = pos_x;
+      gp->x[1] = pos_y;
+      gp->x[2] = pos_z;
+    }
   }
 
   /* Write the counts back to the global array. */
@@ -1427,8 +1919,11 @@ void space_gparts_get_cell_index_mapper(void *map_data, int nr_gparts,
     if (cell_counts[k]) atomic_add(&data->cell_counts[k], cell_counts[k]);
   free(cell_counts);
 
-  /* Write the count of inhibited gparts */
-  atomic_add(&data->count_inhibited_gpart, count_inhibited_gpart);
+  /* Write the count of inhibited and extra gparts */
+  if (count_inhibited_gpart)
+    atomic_add(&data->count_inhibited_gpart, count_inhibited_gpart);
+  if (count_extra_gpart)
+    atomic_add(&data->count_extra_gpart, count_extra_gpart);
 
   /* Write back the minimal part mass and velocity sum */
   atomic_min_f(&s->min_gpart_mass, min_mass);
@@ -1468,7 +1963,8 @@ void space_sparts_get_cell_index_mapper(void *map_data, int nr_sparts,
   /* Init the local collectors */
   float min_mass = FLT_MAX;
   float sum_vel_norm = 0.f;
-  int count_inhibited_spart = 0;
+  size_t count_inhibited_spart = 0;
+  size_t count_extra_spart = 0;
 
   for (int k = 0; k < nr_sparts; k++) {
 
@@ -1503,23 +1999,28 @@ void space_sparts_get_cell_index_mapper(void *map_data, int nr_sparts,
     if (sp->time_bin == time_bin_inhibited) {
       ind[k] = -1;
       ++count_inhibited_spart;
+    } else if (sp->time_bin == time_bin_not_created) {
+      /* Is this a place-holder for on-the-fly creation? */
+      ind[k] = index;
+      cell_counts[index]++;
+      ++count_extra_spart;
     } else {
       /* List its top-level cell index */
       ind[k] = index;
       cell_counts[index]++;
-    }
 
-    /* Compute minimal mass */
-    min_mass = min(min_mass, sp->mass);
+      /* Compute minimal mass */
+      min_mass = min(min_mass, sp->mass);
 
-    /* Compute sum of velocity norm */
-    sum_vel_norm +=
-        sp->v[0] * sp->v[0] + sp->v[1] * sp->v[1] + sp->v[2] * sp->v[2];
+      /* Compute sum of velocity norm */
+      sum_vel_norm +=
+          sp->v[0] * sp->v[0] + sp->v[1] * sp->v[1] + sp->v[2] * sp->v[2];
 
-    /* Update the position */
-    sp->x[0] = pos_x;
-    sp->x[1] = pos_y;
-    sp->x[2] = pos_z;
+      /* Update the position */
+      sp->x[0] = pos_x;
+      sp->x[1] = pos_y;
+      sp->x[2] = pos_z;
+    }
   }
 
   /* Write the counts back to the global array. */
@@ -1527,8 +2028,11 @@ void space_sparts_get_cell_index_mapper(void *map_data, int nr_sparts,
     if (cell_counts[k]) atomic_add(&data->cell_counts[k], cell_counts[k]);
   free(cell_counts);
 
-  /* Write the count of inhibited parts */
-  atomic_add(&data->count_inhibited_spart, count_inhibited_spart);
+  /* Write the count of inhibited and extra sparts */
+  if (count_inhibited_spart)
+    atomic_add(&data->count_inhibited_spart, count_inhibited_spart);
+  if (count_extra_spart)
+    atomic_add(&data->count_extra_spart, count_extra_spart);
 
   /* Write back the minimal part mass and velocity sum */
   atomic_min_f(&s->min_spart_mass, min_mass);
@@ -1544,10 +2048,13 @@ void space_sparts_get_cell_index_mapper(void *map_data, int nr_sparts,
  * @param ind The array of indices to fill.
  * @param cell_counts The cell counters to update.
  * @param count_inhibited_parts (return) The number of #part to remove.
+ * @param count_extra_parts (return) The number of #part for on-the-fly
+ * creation.
  * @param verbose Are we talkative ?
  */
 void space_parts_get_cell_index(struct space *s, int *ind, int *cell_counts,
-                                int *count_inhibited_parts, int verbose) {
+                                size_t *count_inhibited_parts,
+                                size_t *count_extra_parts, int verbose) {
 
   const ticks tic = getticks();
 
@@ -1563,11 +2070,15 @@ void space_parts_get_cell_index(struct space *s, int *ind, int *cell_counts,
   data.count_inhibited_part = 0;
   data.count_inhibited_gpart = 0;
   data.count_inhibited_spart = 0;
+  data.count_extra_part = 0;
+  data.count_extra_gpart = 0;
+  data.count_extra_spart = 0;
 
   threadpool_map(&s->e->threadpool, space_parts_get_cell_index_mapper, s->parts,
                  s->nr_parts, sizeof(struct part), 0, &data);
 
   *count_inhibited_parts = data.count_inhibited_part;
+  *count_extra_parts = data.count_extra_part;
 
   if (verbose)
     message("took %.3f %s.", clocks_from_ticks(getticks() - tic),
@@ -1583,10 +2094,13 @@ void space_parts_get_cell_index(struct space *s, int *ind, int *cell_counts,
  * @param gind The array of indices to fill.
  * @param cell_counts The cell counters to update.
  * @param count_inhibited_gparts (return) The number of #gpart to remove.
+ * @param count_extra_gparts (return) The number of #gpart for on-the-fly
+ * creation.
  * @param verbose Are we talkative ?
  */
 void space_gparts_get_cell_index(struct space *s, int *gind, int *cell_counts,
-                                 int *count_inhibited_gparts, int verbose) {
+                                 size_t *count_inhibited_gparts,
+                                 size_t *count_extra_gparts, int verbose) {
 
   const ticks tic = getticks();
 
@@ -1602,11 +2116,15 @@ void space_gparts_get_cell_index(struct space *s, int *gind, int *cell_counts,
   data.count_inhibited_part = 0;
   data.count_inhibited_gpart = 0;
   data.count_inhibited_spart = 0;
+  data.count_extra_part = 0;
+  data.count_extra_gpart = 0;
+  data.count_extra_spart = 0;
 
   threadpool_map(&s->e->threadpool, space_gparts_get_cell_index_mapper,
                  s->gparts, s->nr_gparts, sizeof(struct gpart), 0, &data);
 
   *count_inhibited_gparts = data.count_inhibited_gpart;
+  *count_extra_gparts = data.count_extra_gpart;
 
   if (verbose)
     message("took %.3f %s.", clocks_from_ticks(getticks() - tic),
@@ -1622,10 +2140,13 @@ void space_gparts_get_cell_index(struct space *s, int *gind, int *cell_counts,
  * @param sind The array of indices to fill.
  * @param cell_counts The cell counters to update.
  * @param count_inhibited_sparts (return) The number of #spart to remove.
+ * @param count_extra_sparts (return) The number of #spart for on-the-fly
+ * creation.
  * @param verbose Are we talkative ?
  */
 void space_sparts_get_cell_index(struct space *s, int *sind, int *cell_counts,
-                                 int *count_inhibited_sparts, int verbose) {
+                                 size_t *count_inhibited_sparts,
+                                 size_t *count_extra_sparts, int verbose) {
 
   const ticks tic = getticks();
 
@@ -1641,11 +2162,15 @@ void space_sparts_get_cell_index(struct space *s, int *sind, int *cell_counts,
   data.count_inhibited_part = 0;
   data.count_inhibited_gpart = 0;
   data.count_inhibited_spart = 0;
+  data.count_extra_part = 0;
+  data.count_extra_gpart = 0;
+  data.count_extra_spart = 0;
 
   threadpool_map(&s->e->threadpool, space_sparts_get_cell_index_mapper,
                  s->sparts, s->nr_sparts, sizeof(struct spart), 0, &data);
 
   *count_inhibited_sparts = data.count_inhibited_spart;
+  *count_extra_sparts = data.count_extra_spart;
 
   if (verbose)
     message("took %.3f %s.", clocks_from_ticks(getticks() - tic),
@@ -2018,7 +2543,7 @@ void space_split_recursive(struct space *s, struct cell *c,
   const int count = c->hydro.count;
   const int gcount = c->grav.count;
   const int scount = c->stars.count;
-  const int with_gravity = s->gravity;
+  const int with_self_gravity = s->with_self_gravity;
   const int depth = c->depth;
   int maxdepth = 0;
   float h_max = 0.0f;
@@ -2046,6 +2571,8 @@ void space_split_recursive(struct space *s, struct cell *c,
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
         if (parts[k].time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
           error("Inhibited particle present in space_split()");
+        if (parts[k].time_bin == time_bin_not_created)
+          error("Extra particle present in space_split()");
 #endif
         buff[k].x[0] = parts[k].x[0];
         buff[k].x[1] = parts[k].x[1];
@@ -2060,6 +2587,8 @@ void space_split_recursive(struct space *s, struct cell *c,
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
         if (gparts[k].time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
           error("Inhibited particle present in space_split()");
+        if (gparts[k].time_bin == time_bin_not_created)
+          error("Extra particle present in space_split()");
 #endif
         gbuff[k].x[0] = gparts[k].x[0];
         gbuff[k].x[1] = gparts[k].x[1];
@@ -2074,6 +2603,8 @@ void space_split_recursive(struct space *s, struct cell *c,
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
         if (sparts[k].time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
           error("Inhibited particle present in space_split()");
+        if (sparts[k].time_bin == time_bin_not_created)
+          error("Extra particle present in space_split()");
 #endif
         sbuff[k].x[0] = sparts[k].x[0];
         sbuff[k].x[1] = sparts[k].x[1];
@@ -2094,8 +2625,8 @@ void space_split_recursive(struct space *s, struct cell *c,
   }
 
   /* Split or let it be? */
-  if ((with_gravity && gcount > space_splitsize) ||
-      (!with_gravity &&
+  if ((with_self_gravity && gcount > space_splitsize) ||
+      (!with_self_gravity &&
        (count > space_splitsize || scount > space_splitsize))) {
 
     /* No longer just a leaf. */
@@ -2108,6 +2639,9 @@ void space_split_recursive(struct space *s, struct cell *c,
       cp->hydro.count = 0;
       cp->grav.count = 0;
       cp->stars.count = 0;
+      cp->hydro.count_total = 0;
+      cp->grav.count_total = 0;
+      cp->stars.count_total = 0;
       cp->hydro.ti_old_part = c->hydro.ti_old_part;
       cp->grav.ti_old_part = c->grav.ti_old_part;
       cp->grav.ti_old_multipole = c->grav.ti_old_multipole;
@@ -2193,7 +2727,7 @@ void space_split_recursive(struct space *s, struct cell *c,
     }
 
     /* Deal with the multipole */
-    if (s->gravity) {
+    if (s->with_self_gravity) {
 
       /* Reset everything */
       gravity_reset(c->grav.multipole);
@@ -2317,6 +2851,8 @@ void space_split_recursive(struct space *s, struct cell *c,
     /* parts: Get dt_min/dt_max and h_max. */
     for (int k = 0; k < count; k++) {
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+      if (parts[k].time_bin == time_bin_not_created)
+        error("Extra particle present in space_split()");
       if (parts[k].time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
         error("Inhibited particle present in space_split()");
 #endif
@@ -2335,6 +2871,8 @@ void space_split_recursive(struct space *s, struct cell *c,
     /* gparts: Get dt_min/dt_max. */
     for (int k = 0; k < gcount; k++) {
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+      if (gparts[k].time_bin == time_bin_not_created)
+        error("Extra g-particle present in space_split()");
       if (gparts[k].time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
         error("Inhibited g-particle present in space_split()");
 #endif
@@ -2345,6 +2883,8 @@ void space_split_recursive(struct space *s, struct cell *c,
     /* sparts: Get dt_min/dt_max */
     for (int k = 0; k < scount; k++) {
 #ifdef SWIFT_DEBUG_CHECKS
+      if (sparts[k].time_bin == time_bin_not_created)
+        error("Extra s-particle present in space_split()");
       if (sparts[k].time_bin == time_bin_inhibited)
         error("Inhibited s-particle present in space_split()");
 #endif
@@ -2372,7 +2912,7 @@ void space_split_recursive(struct space *s, struct cell *c,
     ti_stars_end_min = get_integer_time_end(ti_current, stars_time_bin_min);
 
     /* Construct the multipole and the centre of mass*/
-    if (s->gravity) {
+    if (s->with_self_gravity) {
       if (gcount > 0) {
 
         gravity_P2M(c->grav.multipole, c->grav.parts, c->grav.count);
@@ -2480,7 +3020,7 @@ void space_recycle(struct space *s, struct cell *c) {
   lock_lock(&s->lock);
 
   /* Hook the multipole back in the buffer */
-  if (s->gravity) {
+  if (s->with_self_gravity) {
     c->grav.multipole->next = s->multipoles_sub;
     s->multipoles_sub = c->grav.multipole;
   }
@@ -2538,7 +3078,7 @@ void space_recycle_list(struct space *s, struct cell *cell_list_begin,
   s->tot_cells -= count;
 
   /* Hook the multipoles into the buffer. */
-  if (s->gravity) {
+  if (s->with_self_gravity) {
     multipole_list_end->next = s->multipoles_sub;
     s->multipoles_sub = multipole_list_begin;
   }
@@ -2582,7 +3122,7 @@ void space_getcells(struct space *s, int nr_cells, struct cell **cells) {
     }
 
     /* Is the multipole buffer empty? */
-    if (s->gravity && s->multipoles_sub == NULL) {
+    if (s->with_self_gravity && s->multipoles_sub == NULL) {
       if (posix_memalign(
               (void **)&s->multipoles_sub, multipole_align,
               space_cellallocchunk * sizeof(struct gravity_tensors)) != 0)
@@ -2600,7 +3140,7 @@ void space_getcells(struct space *s, int nr_cells, struct cell **cells) {
     s->tot_cells += 1;
 
     /* Hook the multipole */
-    if (s->gravity) {
+    if (s->with_self_gravity) {
       cells[j]->grav.multipole = s->multipoles_sub;
       s->multipoles_sub = cells[j]->grav.multipole->next;
     }
@@ -3045,8 +3585,11 @@ void space_convert_quantities_mapper(void *restrict map_data, int count,
   const ptrdiff_t index = parts - s->parts;
   struct xpart *restrict xparts = s->xparts + index;
 
+  /* Loop over all the particles ignoring the extra buffer ones for on-the-fly
+   * creation */
   for (int k = 0; k < count; k++)
-    hydro_convert_quantities(&parts[k], &xparts[k], cosmo, hydro_props);
+    if (parts[k].time_bin <= num_time_bins)
+      hydro_convert_quantities(&parts[k], &xparts[k], cosmo, hydro_props);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -3087,6 +3630,7 @@ void space_convert_quantities(struct space *s, int verbose) {
  * @param generate_gas_in_ics Are we generating gas particles from the gparts?
  * @param hydro flag whether we are doing hydro or not?
  * @param self_gravity flag whether we are doing gravity or not?
+ * @param star_formation flag whether we are doing star formation or not?
  * @param verbose Print messages to stdout or not.
  * @param dry_run If 1, just initialise stuff, don't do anything with the parts.
  *
@@ -3100,7 +3644,8 @@ void space_init(struct space *s, struct swift_params *params,
                 struct part *parts, struct gpart *gparts, struct spart *sparts,
                 size_t Npart, size_t Ngpart, size_t Nspart, int periodic,
                 int replicate, int generate_gas_in_ics, int hydro,
-                int self_gravity, int verbose, int dry_run) {
+                int self_gravity, int star_formation, int verbose,
+                int dry_run) {
 
   /* Clean-up everything */
   bzero(s, sizeof(struct space));
@@ -3110,16 +3655,23 @@ void space_init(struct space *s, struct swift_params *params,
   s->dim[1] = dim[1];
   s->dim[2] = dim[2];
   s->periodic = periodic;
-  s->gravity = self_gravity;
-  s->hydro = hydro;
+  s->with_self_gravity = self_gravity;
+  s->with_hydro = hydro;
+  s->with_star_formation = star_formation;
   s->nr_parts = Npart;
-  s->size_parts = Npart;
-  s->parts = parts;
   s->nr_gparts = Ngpart;
-  s->size_gparts = Ngpart;
-  s->gparts = gparts;
   s->nr_sparts = Nspart;
+  s->size_parts = Npart;
+  s->size_gparts = Ngpart;
   s->size_sparts = Nspart;
+  s->nr_inhibited_parts = 0;
+  s->nr_inhibited_gparts = 0;
+  s->nr_inhibited_sparts = 0;
+  s->nr_extra_parts = 0;
+  s->nr_extra_gparts = 0;
+  s->nr_extra_sparts = 0;
+  s->parts = parts;
+  s->gparts = gparts;
   s->sparts = sparts;
   s->min_part_mass = FLT_MAX;
   s->min_gpart_mass = FLT_MAX;
@@ -3202,6 +3754,12 @@ void space_init(struct space *s, struct swift_params *params,
   space_subdepth_diff_grav =
       parser_get_opt_param_int(params, "Scheduler:cell_subdepth_diff_grav",
                                space_subdepth_diff_grav_default);
+  space_extra_parts = parser_get_opt_param_int(
+      params, "Scheduler:cell_extra_parts", space_extra_parts_default);
+  space_extra_sparts = parser_get_opt_param_int(
+      params, "Scheduler:cell_extra_sparts", space_extra_sparts_default);
+  space_extra_gparts = parser_get_opt_param_int(
+      params, "Scheduler:cell_extra_gparts", space_extra_gparts_default);
 
   if (verbose) {
     message("max_size set to %d split_size set to %d", space_maxsize,
@@ -3308,6 +3866,9 @@ void space_init(struct space *s, struct swift_params *params,
   last_cell_id = 1;
 #endif
 
+  /* Do we want any spare particles for on the fly cration? */
+  if (!star_formation) space_extra_sparts = 0;
+
   /* Build the cells recursively. */
   if (!dry_run) space_regrid(s, verbose);
 }
@@ -3453,7 +4014,7 @@ void space_generate_gas(struct space *s, const struct cosmology *cosmo,
                         int periodic, const double dim[3], int verbose) {
 
   /* Check that this is a sensible ting to do */
-  if (!s->hydro)
+  if (!s->with_hydro)
     error(
         "Cannot generate gas from ICs if we are running without "
         "hydrodynamics. Need to run with -s and the corresponding "
diff --git a/src/space.h b/src/space.h
index e6d774200be1a31d622419dceafb16b3826ce177..a1280945d2aa232cbb5e5b519266bc7058e5dc57 100644
--- a/src/space.h
+++ b/src/space.h
@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@ struct cosmology;
 #define space_cellallocchunk 1000
 #define space_splitsize_default 400
 #define space_maxsize_default 8000000
+#define space_extra_parts_default 0
+#define space_extra_gparts_default 0
+#define space_extra_sparts_default 100
+#define space_expected_max_nr_strays_default 100
 #define space_subsize_pair_hydro_default 256000000
 #define space_subsize_self_hydro_default 32000
 #define space_subsize_pair_grav_default 256000000
@@ -68,6 +72,9 @@ extern int space_subsize_self_grav;
 extern int space_subsize_pair_stars;
 extern int space_subsize_self_stars;
 extern int space_subdepth_diff_grav;
+extern int space_extra_parts;
+extern int space_extra_gparts;
+extern int space_extra_sparts;
 
 /**
  * @brief The space in which the cells and particles reside.
@@ -84,10 +91,13 @@ struct space {
   struct hydro_space hs;
 
   /*! Are we doing hydrodynamics? */
-  int hydro;
+  int with_hydro;
 
   /*! Are we doing gravity? */
-  int gravity;
+  int with_self_gravity;
+
+  /*! Are we doing star formation? */
+  int with_star_formation;
 
   /*! Width of the top-level cells. */
   double width[3];
@@ -149,14 +159,23 @@ struct space {
   /*! The indices of the top-level cells that have >0 particles (of any kind) */
   int *local_cells_with_particles_top;
 
-  /*! The total number of parts in the space. */
-  size_t nr_parts, size_parts;
+  /*! The total number of #part in the space. */
+  size_t nr_parts;
+
+  /*! The total number of #gpart in the space. */
+  size_t nr_gparts;
+
+  /*! The total number of #spart in the space. */
+  size_t nr_sparts;
+
+  /*! The total number of #part we allocated memory for */
+  size_t size_parts;
 
-  /*! The total number of g-parts in the space. */
-  size_t nr_gparts, size_gparts;
+  /*! The total number of #gpart we allocated memory for */
+  size_t size_gparts;
 
-  /*! The total number of g-parts in the space. */
-  size_t nr_sparts, size_sparts;
+  /*! The total number of #spart we allocated memory for */
+  size_t size_sparts;
 
   /*! Number of inhibted gas particles in the space */
   size_t nr_inhibited_parts;
@@ -167,6 +186,15 @@ struct space {
   /*! Number of inhibted star particles in the space */
   size_t nr_inhibited_sparts;
 
+  /*! Number of extra #part we allocated (for on-the-fly creation) */
+  size_t nr_extra_parts;
+
+  /*! Number of extra #gpart we allocated (for on-the-fly creation) */
+  size_t nr_extra_gparts;
+
+  /*! Number of extra #spart we allocated (for on-the-fly creation) */
+  size_t nr_extra_sparts;
+
   /*! The particle data (cells have pointers to this). */
   struct part *parts;
 
@@ -241,7 +269,7 @@ void space_init(struct space *s, struct swift_params *params,
                 struct part *parts, struct gpart *gparts, struct spart *sparts,
                 size_t Npart, size_t Ngpart, size_t Nspart, int periodic,
                 int replicate, int generate_gas_in_ics, int hydro, int gravity,
-                int verbose, int dry_run);
+                int star_formation, int verbose, int dry_run);
 void space_sanitize(struct space *s);
 void space_map_cells_pre(struct space *s, int full,
                          void (*fun)(struct cell *c, void *data), void *data);
@@ -260,14 +288,18 @@ void space_recycle_list(struct space *s, struct cell *cell_list_begin,
                         struct gravity_tensors *multipole_list_begin,
                         struct gravity_tensors *multipole_list_end);
 void space_split(struct space *s, int verbose);
+void space_reorder_extras(struct space *s, int verbose);
 void space_split_mapper(void *map_data, int num_elements, void *extra_data);
 void space_list_useful_top_level_cells(struct space *s);
 void space_parts_get_cell_index(struct space *s, int *ind, int *cell_counts,
-                                int *count_inibibited_parts, int verbose);
+                                size_t *count_inhibited_parts,
+                                size_t *count_extra_parts, int verbose);
 void space_gparts_get_cell_index(struct space *s, int *gind, int *cell_counts,
-                                 int *count_inibibited_gparts, int verbose);
+                                 size_t *count_inhibited_gparts,
+                                 size_t *count_extra_gparts, int verbose);
 void space_sparts_get_cell_index(struct space *s, int *sind, int *cell_counts,
-                                 int *count_inibibited_sparts, int verbose);
+                                 size_t *count_inhibited_sparts,
+                                 size_t *count_extra_sparts, int verbose);
 void space_synchronize_particle_positions(struct space *s);
 void space_do_parts_sort(void);
 void space_do_gparts_sort(void);
diff --git a/src/swift.h b/src/swift.h
index 153c4ae0d4440d083f1b0c9850e1f2649c0df6fb..7279fc58b3b4ac0227c11b8a835c829df2ceb49c 100644
--- a/src/swift.h
+++ b/src/swift.h
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@
 #include "scheduler.h"
 #include "serial_io.h"
 #include "single_io.h"
-#include "sourceterms.h"
 #include "space.h"
 #include "stars.h"
 #include "stars_io.h"
diff --git a/src/task.c b/src/task.c
index 3918dad3b713c6c226e5dacf3e38756910c1dd27..f68d10f7cfbcfd512151e5bd4c21089128a6b804 100644
--- a/src/task.c
+++ b/src/task.c
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ const char *taskID_names[task_type_count] = {"none",
                                              "grav_mesh",
                                              "cooling",
                                              "star_formation",
-                                             "sourceterms",
                                              "logger",
                                              "stars_ghost_in",
                                              "stars_ghost",
@@ -141,7 +140,6 @@ __attribute__((always_inline)) INLINE static enum task_actions task_acts_on(
     case task_type_ghost:
     case task_type_extra_ghost:
     case task_type_cooling:
-    case task_type_sourceterms:
       return task_action_part;
       break;
 
@@ -391,6 +389,12 @@ void task_unlock(struct task *t) {
       cell_munlocktree(cj);
       break;
 
+    case task_type_star_formation:
+      cell_unlocktree(ci);
+      cell_sunlocktree(ci);
+      cell_gunlocktree(ci);
+      break;
+
     default:
       break;
   }
@@ -545,6 +549,21 @@ int task_lock(struct task *t) {
         cell_munlocktree(ci);
         return 0;
       }
+      break;
+
+    case task_type_star_formation:
+      /* Lock the gas, gravity and star particles */
+      if (ci->hydro.hold || ci->stars.hold || ci->grav.phold) return 0;
+      if (cell_locktree(ci) != 0) return 0;
+      if (cell_slocktree(ci) != 0) {
+        cell_unlocktree(ci);
+        return 0;
+      }
+      if (cell_glocktree(ci) != 0) {
+        cell_unlocktree(ci);
+        cell_sunlocktree(ci);
+        return 0;
+      }
 
     default:
       break;
diff --git a/src/task.h b/src/task.h
index 994b2b14c05965b71e877feac5cb9827a1d1b4bb..5bce55d6a28fae7ad99f966267b14e926b7fd924 100644
--- a/src/task.h
+++ b/src/task.h
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ enum task_types {
   task_type_grav_mesh,
   task_type_cooling,
   task_type_star_formation,
-  task_type_sourceterms,
   task_type_logger,
   task_type_stars_ghost_in,
   task_type_stars_ghost,
diff --git a/src/timeline.h b/src/timeline.h
index 38727def50b5a81c073ab23375f0c548ca096b66..09161b3ec68e9f7c19bf812103384257473f5719 100644
--- a/src/timeline.h
+++ b/src/timeline.h
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ typedef char timebin_t;
 /*! Fictious time-bin to hold inhibited particles */
 #define time_bin_inhibited (num_time_bins + 2)
 
+/*! Fictious time-bin to hold particles not yet created */
+#define time_bin_not_created (num_time_bins + 3)
+
 /*! Fictitious time-bin for particles not awaken */
 #define time_bin_not_awake (0)
 
diff --git a/src/timers.c b/src/timers.c
index d7523edaa42570f8e5f3c01516075267988dfd9c..9ede0320e49c70b2488cd5ceb3e4b6965659aa74 100644
--- a/src/timers.c
+++ b/src/timers.c
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@ const char* timers_names[timer_count] = {
     "dograv_mesh",
     "dograv_top_level",
     "dograv_long_range",
-    "dosource",
     "dosub_self_density",
     "dosub_self_gradient",
     "dosub_self_force",
diff --git a/src/timers.h b/src/timers.h
index 412f36d7de547040e29efdede9cc6826358929bc..3a2a939339e6d08b43836d4f5ca213af0822c2b2 100644
--- a/src/timers.h
+++ b/src/timers.h
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ enum {
   timer_dograv_mesh,
   timer_dograv_top_level,
   timer_dograv_long_range,
-  timer_dosource,
   timer_dosub_self_density,
   timer_dosub_self_gradient,
   timer_dosub_self_force,
diff --git a/tools/task_plots/analyse_tasks.py b/tools/task_plots/analyse_tasks.py
index ca41970c683a1680e9d1054c9d70d6370992a05e..f79a0090b04e013c9e10c53e6a4796e46579e1b9 100755
--- a/tools/task_plots/analyse_tasks.py
+++ b/tools/task_plots/analyse_tasks.py
@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@ TASKTYPES = [
     "grav_mesh",
     "cooling",
     "star_formation",
-    "sourceterms",
     "logger",
     "stars_ghost_in",
     "stars_ghost",
diff --git a/tools/task_plots/plot_tasks.py b/tools/task_plots/plot_tasks.py
index 1fe7bcbd11f30ff17051bc9a7ae789439df8b9e9..1ff722a6079883a043109e26dea8d6b3fb405000 100755
--- a/tools/task_plots/plot_tasks.py
+++ b/tools/task_plots/plot_tasks.py
@@ -176,7 +176,6 @@ TASKTYPES = [
     "grav_mesh",
     "cooling",
     "star_formation",
-    "sourceterms",
     "logger",
     "stars_ghost_in",
     "stars_ghost",