diff --git a/src/cell.h b/src/cell.h
index 5e3b07f298d3a5f6de2c69a9d76aaacc59f33332..19bb11a7b9b4c49bcc4c04dc33019d5391749221 100644
--- a/src/cell.h
+++ b/src/cell.h
@@ -29,7 +29,12 @@ struct space;
/* Some constants. */
#define cell_sid_dt 13
-#define cell_max_tag (1 << 16)
+
+/* Max tag size set to 2^29 to take into account some MPI implementations
+ * that use 2^31 as the upper bound on MPI tags and the fact that
+ * cell_next_tag is multiplied by 2 when passed to an MPI function.
+ * The maximum was lowered by a further factor of 2 to be on the safe side.*/
+#define cell_max_tag (1 << 29)
/* Global variables. */
extern int cell_next_tag;
diff --git a/theory/paper_pasc/Figures/Hierarchy3.pdf b/theory/paper_pasc/Figures/Hierarchy3.pdf
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/theory/paper_pasc/acmcopyright.sty b/theory/paper_pasc/acmcopyright.sty
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8de127a37213e171817b5eed65106ae4f6646b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theory/paper_pasc/acmcopyright.sty
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+%%
+%% This is file `acmcopyright.sty',
+%% generated with the docstrip utility.
+%%
+%% The original source files were:
+%%
+%% acmcopyright.dtx (with options: `style')
+%%
+%% IMPORTANT NOTICE:
+%%
+%% For the copyright see the source file.
+%%
+%% Any modified versions of this file must be renamed
+%% with new filenames distinct from acmcopyright.sty.
+%%
+%% For distribution of the original source see the terms
+%% for copying and modification in the file acmcopyright.dtx.
+%%
+%% This generated file may be distributed as long as the
+%% original source files, as listed above, are part of the
+%% same distribution. (The sources need not necessarily be
+%% in the same archive or directory.)
+%% \CharacterTable
+%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
+%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
+%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
+%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
+%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
+%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
+%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
+%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
+%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
+%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
+%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
+%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
+%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
+%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
+\ProvidesPackage{acmcopyright}
+[2014/06/29 v1.2 Copyright statemens for ACM classes]
+\newif\if@printcopyright
+\@printcopyrighttrue
+\newif\if@printpermission
+\@printpermissiontrue
+\newif\if@acmowned
+\@acmownedtrue
+\RequirePackage{xkeyval}
+\define@choicekey*{ACM@}{acmcopyrightmode}[%
+ \acm@copyrightinput\acm@copyrightmode]{none,acmcopyright,acmlicensed,%
+ rightsretained,usgov,usgovmixed,cagov,cagovmixed,%
+ licensedusgovmixed,licensedcagovmixed,othergov,licensedothergov}{%
+ \@printpermissiontrue
+ \@printcopyrighttrue
+ \@acmownedtrue
+ \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=0\relax % none
+ \@printpermissionfalse
+ \@printcopyrightfalse
+ \@acmownedfalse
+ \fi
+ \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=2\relax % acmlicensed
+ \@acmownedfalse
+ \fi
+ \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=3\relax % rightsretained
+ \@acmownedfalse
+ \fi
+ \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=4\relax % usgov
+ \@printpermissiontrue
+ \@printcopyrightfalse
+ \@acmownedfalse
+ \fi
+ \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=6\relax % cagov
+ \@acmownedfalse
+ \fi
+ \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=8\relax % licensedusgovmixed
+ \@acmownedfalse
+ \fi
+ \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=9\relax % licensedcagovmixed
+ \@acmownedfalse
+ \fi
+ \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=10\relax % othergov
+ \@acmownedtrue
+ \fi
+ \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=11\relax % licensedothergov
+ \@acmownedfalse
+ \@printcopyrightfalse
+ \fi}
+\def\setcopyright#1{\setkeys{ACM@}{acmcopyrightmode=#1}}
+\setcopyright{acmcopyright}
+\def\@copyrightowner{%
+ \ifcase\acm@copyrightmode\relax % none
+ \or % acmcopyright
+ ACM.
+ \or % acmlicensed
+ Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to
+ ACM.
+ \or % rightsretained
+ Copyright held by the owner/author(s).
+ \or % usgov
+ \or % usgovmixed
+ ACM.
+ \or % cagov
+ Crown in Right of Canada.
+ \or %cagovmixed
+ ACM.
+ \or %licensedusgovmixed
+ Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to
+ ACM.
+ \or %licensedcagovmixed
+ Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to
+ ACM.
+ \or % othergov
+ ACM.
+ \or % licensedothergov
+ \fi}
+\def\@copyrightpermission{%
+ \ifcase\acm@copyrightmode\relax % none
+ \or % acmcopyright
+ Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this
+ work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided
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+ \or % usgov
+ This paper is authored by an employee(s) of the United States
+ Government and is in the public domain. Non-exclusive copying or
+ redistribution is allowed, provided that the article citation is
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+ ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored
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+ the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to
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+ Permission to make digital or hard copies for personal or classroom
+ use is granted. Copies must bear this notice and the full citation
+ on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by
+ others than the Canadain Government must be honored. To copy
+ otherwise, distribute, republish, or post, requires prior specific
+ permission and\hspace*{.5pt}/or a fee. Request permissions from
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+ Reprints must include clear attribution to ACM and the author's
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+ To copy otherwise, distribute, republish, or post, requires prior
+ specific permission and\hspace*{.5pt}/or a fee. Request permissions
+ from permissions@acm.org.
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+ or affiliate of the United States government. As such, the
+ Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or
+ reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government
+ purposes only.
+ \or % licensedcagovmixed
+ Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM acknowledges that this
+ contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor
+ or affiliate of the national government of Canada. As such, the
+ Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or
+ reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government
+ purposes only.
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+ ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored
+ by an employee, contractor or affiliate of a national government. As
+ such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to
+ publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for
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+ contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor
+ or affiliate of a national government. As such, the Government
+ retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce
+ this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes
+ only.
+ \fi}
+\endinput
+%%
+%% End of file `acmcopyright.sty'.
diff --git a/theory/paper_pasc/biblio.bib b/theory/paper_pasc/biblio.bib
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0eead89fdf29d3503b5c2a11582f8b59ec45b8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theory/paper_pasc/biblio.bib
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
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+}
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+
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+ {Schaller}, M. and {Theuns}, T. and {Dalla Vecchia}, C. and
+ {Frenk}, C.~S. and {McCarthy}, I.~G. and {Helly}, J.~C. and
+ {Jenkins}, A. and {Rosas-Guevara}, Y.~M. and {White}, S.~D.~M. and
+ {Baes}, M. and {Booth}, C.~M. and {Camps}, P. and {Navarro}, J.~F. and
+ {Qu}, Y. and {Rahmati}, A. and {Sawala}, T. and {Thomas}, P.~A. and
+ {Trayford}, J.},
+ title = "{The EAGLE project: simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments}",
+ journal = {\mnras},
+archivePrefix = "arXiv",
+ eprint = {1407.7040},
+ keywords = {methods: numerical, galaxies: evolution, galaxies: formation, cosmology: theory},
+ year = 2015,
+ month = jan,
+ volume = 446,
+ pages = {521-554},
+ doi = {10.1093/mnras/stu2058},
+ adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.446..521S},
+ adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{gonnet2013swift,
+ title={SWIFT: Fast algorithms for multi-resolution SPH on multi-core architectures},
+ author={Gonnet, Pedro and Schaller, Matthieu and Theuns, Tom and Chalk, Aidan BG},
+ booktitle={8th International SPHERIC Workshop},
+ archivePrefix = "arXiv",
+ eprint = {1309.3783},
+ year={2013},
+ organization={Trondheim, Norway}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{theuns2015swift,
+ title={Swift: task-based hydrodynamics and gravity for cosmological simulations},
+ author={Theuns, Tom and Chalk, Aidan and Schaller, Matthieu and Gonnet, Pedro},
+ booktitle={Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Exascale Applications and Software},
+ pages={98--102},
+ year={2015},
+ organization={University of Edinburgh}
+}
+
+@article{gonnet2015efficient,
+ title={Efficient and Scalable Algorithms for Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics on Hybrid Shared/Distributed-Memory Architectures},
+ author={Gonnet, Pedro},
+ journal={SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing},
+ volume={37},
+ number={1},
+ pages={C95--C121},
+ year={2015},
+ publisher={SIAM}
+}
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+}
+
+
+@article{ref:Gonnet2015,
+ author = {Pedro Gonnet},
+ title = {Efficient and Scalable Algorithms for Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
+ on Hybrid Shared/Distributed-Memory Architectures},
+ journal = {{SIAM} J. Scientific Computing},
+ volume = {37},
+ number = {1},
+ year = {2015},
+ url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/140964266},
+ doi = {10.1137/140964266},
+ timestamp = {Thu, 12 Mar 2015 10:30:34 +0100},
+ biburl = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bib/journals/siamsc/Gonnet15},
+ bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org}
+}
+
diff --git a/theory/paper_pasc/pasc_paper.tex b/theory/paper_pasc/pasc_paper.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..629ff7bc1b01b629dc1b909b7675dfadc8c1c14d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theory/paper_pasc/pasc_paper.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,825 @@
+\documentclass{sig-alternate-05-2015}
+\usepackage{times,amsmath,amsfonts,amssymb,epstopdf,xspace}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\usepackage[usenames]{color}
+
+
+\newcommand{\red}[1]{{\textcolor{red}{#1}}}
+
+\pdfminorversion=7
+
+
+%Journals
+\newcommand{\mnras}{MNRAS}
+\newcommand{\jcap}{JCAP}
+\newcommand{\physrep}{Phys.~Rep.} % Physics Reports
+\newcommand{\apjs}{ApJS}
+
+% Latex tricks
+\newcommand{\oh}[1]{\mbox{$ {\mathcal O}( #1 ) $}}
+\newcommand{\eqn}[1] {(\ref{eqn:#1})}
+\makeatletter
+\newcommand{\pushright}[1]{\ifmeasuring@#1\else\omit\hfill$\displaystyle#1$\fi\ignorespaces}
+\makeatother
+
+% Some acronyms
+\newcommand{\gadget}{{\sc Gadget-2}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\swift}{{\sc swift}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\qs}{{\sc QuickSched}\xspace}
+
+% Webpage
+\newcommand{\web}{\url{www.swiftsim.com}}
+
+
+%#####################################################################################################
+
+\begin{document}
+
+%Conference
+\conferenceinfo{PASC '16}{June 8--10, 2016, Lausanne, Switzerland}
+
+\title{{\ttlit SWIFT}: Using task-based parallelism, fully asynchronous
+communication, and graph partition-based domain decomposition for
+strong scaling on more than 100\,000 cores.}
+% \title{{\ttlit SWIFT}: A task-based hybrid-parallel strongly scalable code for
+% particle-based cosmological simulations}
+
+\numberofauthors{6}
+
+\author{
+\alignauthor
+ Matthieu~Schaller\\
+ \affaddr{Institute for Computational Cosmology (ICC)}\\
+ \affaddr{Department of Physics}\\
+ \affaddr{Durham University}\\
+ \affaddr{Durham DH1 3LE, UK}\\
+ \email{\footnotesize \url{matthieu.schaller@durham.ac.uk}}
+\alignauthor
+ Pedro~Gonnet\\
+ \affaddr{School of Engineering and Computing Sciences}\\
+ \affaddr{Durham University}\\
+ \affaddr{Durham DH1 3LE, UK}\\
+\alignauthor
+ Aidan~B.~G.~Chalk\\
+ \affaddr{School of Engineering and Computing Sciences}\\
+ \affaddr{Durham University}\\
+ \affaddr{Durham DH1 3LE, UK}\\
+\and
+\alignauthor
+ Peter~W.~Draper\\
+ \affaddr{Institute for Computational Cosmology (ICC)}\\
+ \affaddr{Department of Physics}\\
+ \affaddr{Durham University}\\
+ \affaddr{Durham DH1 3LE, UK}\\
+ %% \alignauthor
+ %% Tom Theuns\\
+ %% \affaddr{Institute for Computational Cosmology}\\
+ %% \affaddr{Department of Physics}\\
+ %% \affaddr{Durham University}\\
+ %% \affaddr{Durham DH1 3LE, UK}
+}
+
+
+\date{\today}
+
+\maketitle
+
+%#####################################################################################################
+
+\begin{abstract}
+ We present a new open-source cosmological code, called \swift, designed to
+ solve the equations of hydrodynamics using a particle-based approach (Smooth
+ Particle Hydrodynamics) on hybrid shared / distributed-memory architectures.
+ \swift was designed from the bottom up to provide excellent {\em strong scaling}
+ on both commodity clusters (Tier-2 systems) and Top100-supercomputers
+ (Tier-0 systems), without relying on architecture-specific features
+ or specialized accelerator hardware.
+ This performance is due to three main computational approaches:
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+
+ \item \textbf{Task-based parallelism} for shared-memory
+ parallelism, which provides fine-grained load balancing and
+ thus strong scaling on large numbers of cores.
+
+ \item \textbf{Graph-based domain decomposition}, which uses
+ the task graph to decompose the simulation
+ domain such that the {\em work}, as opposed to just the {\em data},
+ as is the case with most partitioning schemes, is equally distributed
+ across all nodes.
+
+ \item \textbf{Fully dynamic and asynchronous communication},
+ in which communication is modelled as just another task in
+ the task-based scheme, sending data whenever it is ready and
+ deferring on tasks that rely on data from other nodes
+ until it arrives.
+
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ %% These three main aspects alongside improved cache-efficient
+ %% algorithms for neighbour finding allow the code to be 40x faster on
+ %% the same architecture than the standard code Gadget-2 widely used by
+ %% researchers.
+
+ In order to use these approaches, the code had to be re-written from
+ scratch, and the algorithms therein adapted to the task-based paradigm.
+ As a result, we can show upwards of 60\% parallel efficiency for
+ moderate-sized problems when increasing the number of cores 512-fold,
+ on both x86-based and Power8-based architectures.
+
+ %% As a result, our code present excellent \emph{strong}
+ %% scaling on a variety of architectures, ranging from x86 Tier-2 systems to the
+ %% largest Tier-0 machines currently available. It displays, for instance, a
+ %% \emph{strong} scaling parallel efficiency of more than 60\% when going from
+ %% 512 to 131072 cores on a Blue Gene architecture. Similar results are obtained
+ %% on standard clusters of x86 CPUs.
+
+ %% The task-based library, \qs, used as the backbone of the code is
+ %% itself also freely available and can be used in a wide variety of
+ %% other numerical problems.
+
+\end{abstract}
+
+
+\keywords{Physics; Cosmology; Fluid dynamics; Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics;
+ Task-based parallelism; Asynchronous data transfer; Extreme scaling}
+
+%#####################################################################################################
+
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+For the past decade physical limitations have kept the speed of
+individual processor cores constrained, so instead of getting {\em
+ faster}, computers are getting {\em more parallel}. Systems
+containing up to 64 general-purpose cores are becoming commonplace,
+and the number of cores can be expected to continue growing
+exponentially, e.g.~following Moore's law, much in the same way
+processor speeds were up until a few years ago.
+
+As a consequence, in order to get faster, computer programs need to
+rely on better exploitation of this massive parallelism, i.e.~ they
+need to exhibit {\em strong scaling}, the ability to run roughly $N$
+times faster when executed on $N$ times as many processors. Without
+strong scaling, massive parallelism can still be used to tackle ever
+{\em larger} problems, but not make fixed-size problems {\em faster}.
+
+Although this switch from growth in speed to growth in parallelism
+has been anticipated and observed for quite some time, very little
+has changed in terms of how we design and implement parallel
+computations.
+Branch-and-bound synchronous parallelism using
+OpenMP\cite{ref:Dagum1998} and MPI\cite{ref:Snir1998}, as well as domain
+decompositions based on geometry or space-filling curves \cite{warren1993parallel}
+are still commonplace, despite both the
+architectures and problem scales having changed dramatically since
+their introduction.
+
+The design and implementation of \swift\footnote{
+\swift is an open-source software project and the latest version of
+the source code, along with all the data needed to run the test cased
+presented in this paper, can be downloaded at \web.}
+\cite{gonnet2013swift,theuns2015swift,gonnet2015efficient}, a large-scale
+cosmological simulation code built from scratch, provided the perfect
+opportunity to test some newer
+approaches, i.e.~task-based parallelism, fully asynchronous communication, and
+graph partition-based domain decompositions.
+
+This paper describes these techniques, which are not exclusive to
+cosmological simulations or any specific architecture, as well as
+the results obtained with them.
+
+
+%#####################################################################################################
+
+\section{Particle-based hydrodynamics}
+
+Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics \cite{Gingold1977,Price2012} (SPH) uses
+particles to represent fluids. Each particle $p_i$ has a position $\mathbf
+x_i$, velocity $\mathbf v_i$, internal energy $u_i$, mass $m_i$, and a smoothing
+length $h_i$. The particles are used to interpolate any quantity $Q$ at any
+point in space as a weighted sum over the particles:
+%
+\begin{equation}
+ Q(\mathbf r) = \sum_i m_i \frac{Q_i}{\rho_i} W( \|\mathbf r - \mathbf r_i\| , h )
+ \label{eqn:interp}
+\end{equation}
+%
+where $Q_i$ is the quantity at the $i$th particle, $h$ is the {\em smoothing
+ length}, i.e.~the radius of the sphere within which data will be considered
+for the interpolation, and $W(r,h)$ is the {\em smoothing kernel} or {\em
+ smoothing function}. Several different forms for $W(r,h)$ exist, each with
+their own specific benefits and drawbacks.
+
+The particle density $\rho_i$ used in \eqn{interp} is itself computed similarly:
+%
+\begin{equation}
+ \rho_i = \sum_{j,~r_{ij} < h_i} m_j W(r_{ij},h_i)
+ \label{eqn:rho}
+\end{equation}
+%
+where $r_{ij} = \|\mathbf{r_i}-\mathbf{r_j}\|$ is the Euclidean distance between
+particles $p_i$ and $p_j$. In compressible simulations, the smoothing length
+$h_i$ of each particle is chosen such that the number of neighbours with which
+it interacts is kept more or less constant, and can result in smoothing lengths
+spanning several orders of magnitudes within the same simulation.
+
+Once the densities $\rho_i$ have been computed, the time derivatives of the
+velocity and internal energy, which require $\rho_i$, are
+computed as follows:
+%
+\begin{align}
+ \frac{dv_i}{dt} & = -\sum_{j,~r_{ij} < \hat{h}_{ij}} m_j \left[
+ \frac{P_i}{\Omega_i\rho_i^2}\nabla_rW(r_{ij},h_i)\right. + \label{eqn:dvdt}\\
+ & \pushright{\left.\frac{P_j}{\Omega_j\rho_j^2}\nabla_rW(r_{ij},h_j) \right], \nonumber} \\
+ \frac{du_i}{dt} & = \frac{P_i}{\Omega_i\rho_i^2} \sum_{j,~r_{ij} < h_i} m_j(\mathbf v_i - \mathbf v_j) \cdot \nabla_rW(r_{ij},h_i), \label{eqn:dudt}
+\end{align}
+%
+where $\hat{h}_{ij} = \max\{h_i,h_j\}$, and the particle pressure $P_i=\rho_i
+u_i (\gamma-1)$ and correction term $\Omega_i=1 +
+\frac{h_i}{3\rho_i}\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial h}$ are computed on the fly.
+
+The computations in \eqn{rho}, \eqn{dvdt}, and \eqn{dudt} involve finding all
+pairs of particles within range of each other. Any particle $p_j$ is {\em
+ within range} of a particle $p_i$ if the distance between $p_i$ and $p_j$ is
+smaller or equal to the smoothing distance $h_i$ of $p_i$, e.g.~as is done in
+\eqn{rho}. Note that since particle smoothing lengths may vary between
+particles, this association is not symmetric, i.e.~$p_j$ may be in range of
+$p_i$, but $p_i$ not in range of $p_j$. If $r_{ij} < \max\{h_i,h_j\}$, as is
+required in \eqn{dvdt}, then particles $p_i$ and $p_j$ are within range {\em of
+each other}.
+
+The computation thus proceeds in two distinct stages that are evaluated
+separately:
+\begin{enumerate}
+ \item {\em Density} computation: For each particle $p_i$,
+ loop over all particles $p_j$ within range of $p_i$ and evaluate
+ \eqn{rho}.
+ \item {\em Force} computation: For each particle $p_i$,
+ loop over all particles $p_j$
+ within range of each other and evaluate \eqn{dvdt} and \eqn{dudt}.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+Finding the interacting neighbours for each particle constitutes
+the bulk of the computation.
+Many codes, e.g. in Astrophysics simulations \cite{Gingold1977},
+rely on spatial {\em trees}
+for neighbour finding \cite{Gingold1977,Hernquist1989,Springel2005,Wadsley2004},
+i.e.~$k$-d trees \cite{Bentley1975} or octrees \cite{Meagher1982}
+are used to decompose the simulation space.
+In Astrophysics in particular, spatial trees are also a somewhat natural
+choice as they are used to compute long-range gravitational interactions
+via a Barnes-Hut \cite{Barnes1986} or Fast Multipole
+\cite{Carrier1988} method.
+The particle interactions are then computed by traversing the list of
+particles and searching for their neighbours in the tree.
+
+Although such tree traversals are trivial to parallelize, they
+have several disadvantages, e.g.~with regards to computational
+efficiency, cache efficiency, and exploiting symmetries in the
+computation (see \cite{gonnet2015efficient} for a more detailed
+analysis).
+
+
+%#####################################################################################################
+
+\section{Parallelization strategy}
+
+One of the main concerns when developing \swift was to break
+with the branch-and-bound type parallelism inherent to parallel
+codes using OpenMP and MPI, and the constant synchronization
+between computational steps it results in.
+
+If {\em synchronization} is the main problem, then {\em
+ asynchronicity} is the obvious solution. We therefore opted for a
+{\em task-based} approach for maximum single-node, or shared-memory,
+performance. This approach not only provides excellent load-balancing
+on a single node, it also provides a powerful model of the computation
+that can be used to distribute the work equitably over a set of
+distributed-memory nodes using general-purpose graph partitioning
+algorithms. Finally, the necessary communication between nodes can
+itself be modelled in a task-based way, interleaving communication
+seamlessly with the rest of the computation.
+
+
+\subsection{Task-based parallelism}
+
+Task-based parallelism is a shared-memory parallel programming
+paradigm in which a computation is broken-down in to a set of
+{\em tasks} which can be executed concurrently.
+In order to ensure that the tasks are executed in the right
+order, e.g.~that data needed by one task is only used once it
+has been produced by another task, {\em dependencies} between
+tasks are specified and strictly enforced by a task scheduler.
+Additionally, if two tasks require exclusive access to the same
+resource, yet in no particular order, they are treated as
+{\em conflicts} and the scheduler ensures that they are not executed
+concurrently.
+Computations described in this way then parallelize trivially:
+each processor repeatedly grabs a task for which all dependencies
+have been satisfied and executes it until there are no tasks left.
+
+The main advantages of using a task-based approach are
+%
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item The order in which the tasks are processed, and how they
+ are assigned to each processor is completely
+ dynamic and adapts automatically to load imbalances.
+ \item If the dependencies and conflicts are specified correctly,
+ there is no need for expensive explicit locking, synchronization,
+ or atomic operations to deal with most concurrency problems.
+ \item Each task has exclusive access to the data it is working on,
+ thus improving cache locality and efficiency.
+\end{itemize}
+%
+Task-based parallelism is not a particularly new concept and therefore
+several implementations thereof exist, e.g.~Cilk \cite{ref:Blumofe1995},
+QUARK \cite{ref:QUARK}, StarPU \cite{ref:Augonnet2011},
+SMP~Superscalar \cite{ref:SMPSuperscalar}, OpenMP~3.0 \cite{ref:Duran2009},
+and Intel's TBB \cite{ref:Reinders2007}.
+
+For convenience, and to make experimenting with different scheduling
+techniques easier, we chose to implement our own task scheduler
+in \swift, which has since been back-ported as the general-purpose
+\qs task scheduler \cite{gonnet2013quicksched}.
+This also allowed us to extend the scheduler with the concept of
+task conflicts.
+
+Despite its advantages, and the variety of implementations,
+task-based parallelism is rarely used in
+practice (notable exceptions include the PLASMA project
+\cite{ref:Agullo2009} which uses QUARK/StarPU, and the {\tt deal.II} project
+\cite{ref:Bangerth2007} which uses Intel's TBB).
+The main problem is that to effectively use task-based parallelism,
+most computations need to be completely redesigned to fit the paradigm,
+which is usually not an option for large and complex codebases.
+
+Since we were re-implementing \swift from scratch, this was not an issue.
+The tree-based neighbour-finding described above was replaced with a more
+task-friendly approach as described in \cite{gonnet2015efficient}.
+Particle interactions are computed within, and between pairs, of
+hierarchical {\em cells} containing one or more particles.
+The dependencies between the tasks are set following
+equations \eqn{rho}, \eqn{dvdt}, and \eqn{dudt}, i.e.~such that for any cell,
+all the tasks computing the particle densities therein must have
+completed before the particle forces can be computed, and all the
+force computations must have completed before the particle velocities
+may be updated.
+The task hierarchy is shown in Fig.~\ref{tasks}, where the particles in each
+cell are first sorted (round tasks) before the particle densities
+are computed (first layer of square tasks).
+Ghost tasks (triangles) are used to ensure that all density computations
+on a cell of particles have completed before the force evaluation tasks
+(second layer of square tasks) execute.
+Once all the force tasks on a cell of particles have completed,
+the integrator tasks (inverted triangles) update the particle positions
+and velocities.
+
+Due to the cache-friendly nature of the task-based computations,
+and their ability to exploit symmetries in the particle interactions,
+the task-based approach is already more efficient than the tree-based
+neighbour search on a single core, and scales efficiently to all
+cores of a shared-memory machine \cite{gonnet2015efficient}.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figures/Hierarchy3}
+\caption{Task hierarchy for the SPH computations in \swift,
+ including communication tasks. Arrows indicate dependencies,
+ i.e.~an arrow from task $A$ to task $B$ indicates that $A$
+ depends on $B$. The task color corresponds to the cell or
+ cells it operates on, e.g.~the density and force tasks work
+ on individual cells or pairs of cells.
+ The blue cell data is on a separate rank as the yellow and
+ purple cells, and thus its data must be sent across during
+ the computation using {\tt send}/{\tt recv} tasks (diamond-shaped).}
+\label{tasks}
+\end{figure}
+
+
+\subsection{Task-based domain decomposition}
+
+Given a task-based description of a computation, partitioning it over
+a fixed number of {\em ranks} (using the MPI terminology)
+is relatively straight-forward: we create
+a {\em cell hypergraph} in which:
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item Each {\em node} represents a single cell of particles, and,
+ \item each {\em edge} represents the tasks, connecting the
+ cells.
+\end{itemize}
+Since in the particular case of \swift each task references at most
+two cells, the cell hypergraph is just a regular {\em cell graph}.
+
+Any partition of the cell graph represents a partition of the
+computation, i.e.~the nodes belonging to each partition each belong
+to a rank, and the
+data belonging to each cell resides on the partition/rank to which
+it has been assigned.
+Any task spanning cells that belong to the same partition needs only
+to be evaluated on that rank/partition, and tasks spanning more than
+one partition need to be evaluated on both ranks/partitions.
+
+If we then weight each edge with the computational cost associated with
+the tasks, then finding a {\em good} cell distribution reduces to finding a
+partition of the cell graph such that the maximum sum of the weight
+of all edges within and spanning in a partition is minimal
+(see Fig.~\ref{taskgraphcut}).
+Since the sum of the weights is directly proportional to the amount
+of computation per rank/partition, minimizing the maximum sum
+corresponds to minimizing the time spent on the slowest rank.
+Computing such a partition is a standard graph problem and several
+software libraries which provide good solutions\footnote{Computing
+the optimal partition for more than two nodes is considered NP-hard.},
+e.g.~METIS \cite{ref:Karypis1998} and Zoltan \cite{devine2002zoltan},
+exist.
+
+Note that this approach does not explicitly consider any geometric
+constraints, or strive to partition the {\em amount} of data equitably.
+The only criteria is the computational cost of each partition, for
+which the task decomposition provides a convenient model.
+We are therefore partitioning the {\em computation}, as opposed
+to just the {\em data}.
+
+Note also that the proposed partitioning scheme takes neither the
+task hierarchy, nor the size of the data that needs to be exchanged
+between partitions/ranks into account.
+This approach is therefore only reasonable in situations in which
+the task hierarchy is wider than flat, i.e.~the length of the critical
+path in the task graph is much smaller than the sum of all tasks,
+and in which communication latencies are negligible.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{Figures/task_graph_cut}
+\caption{Illustration of the task-based domain decomposition
+ in which the tasks (circles) are {\em hyperedges} that connect one or
+ more resources (rectangles). The resources are partitioned
+ along the thick dotted line. The blue and orange tasks are
+ executed on the respective partitions, whereas the green
+ tasks/hyperedges along the cut line are executed on both.
+ The cost of this partition is the sum of the green tasks,
+ which are computed twice, as well as the cost imbalance
+ of the tasks executed in each partition.}
+\label{taskgraphcut}
+\end{figure}
+
+
+\subsection{Asynchronous communications}
+
+Although each particle cell resides on a specific rank, the particle
+data will still need to be sent to any neighbouring ranks that have
+tasks that depend on this data, e.g.~the the green tasks in
+Fig.~\ref{taskgraphcut}.
+This communication must happen twice at each time-step: once to send
+the particle positions for the density computation, and then again
+once the densities have been aggregated locally for the force
+computation.
+
+Most distributed-memory codes based on MPI \cite{ref:Snir1998}
+separate computation and communication into distinct steps, i.e.~all
+the ranks first exchange data, and only when the data exchange is
+complete does computation start. Further data exchanges only happen
+once computation has finished, and so on.
+This approach, although conceptually simple and easy to implement,
+has three major drawbacks:
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item The frequent synchronization points between communication
+ and computation exacerbate load imbalances,
+ \item the communication phase consists mainly of waiting on
+ latencies, during which the node's CPUs usually run idle, and
+ \item during the computation phase, the communication network
+ is left completely unused, whereas during the communication
+ phase, all ranks attempt to use it at the same time.
+\end{itemize}
+
+It is for these reasons that in \swift we opted for a fully
+{\em dynamic and asynchronous} communication model in which local
+data is sent whenever it is ready, data from other ranks is
+only acted on once it has arrived, and there is no separation into
+communication and computational phases.
+In practice this means that no rank will sit idle waiting on
+communication if there is any computation that can be done.
+
+This fits in quite naturally within the task-based framework
+by modelling communication as just another task type, i.e.~adding
+tasks that send and receive particle data between ranks.
+For every task that uses data that resides on a different rank,
+{\tt send} and {\tt recv} tasks are generated automatically on the source
+and destination ranks respectively.
+At the destination, the task is made dependent of the {\tt recv}
+task, i.e.~the task can only execute once the data has actually
+been received.
+This is illustrated in Fig.~\ref{tasks}, where data is exchanged across
+two ranks for the density and force computations and the extra
+dependencies are shown in red.
+
+The communication itself is implemented using the non-blocking
+{\tt MPI\_Isend} and {\tt MPI\_Irecv} primitives to initiate
+communication, and {\tt MPI\_Test} to check if the communication was
+successful and resolve the communication task's dependencies. In the
+task-based scheme, strictly local tasks which do not rely on
+communication tasks are executed first. As data from other ranks
+arrive, the corresponding non-local tasks are unlocked and are
+executed whenever a thread picks them up.
+
+One direct consequence of this approach is that instead of a single
+{\tt send}/{\tt recv} call between each pair of neighbouring ranks,
+one such pair is generated for each particle cell.
+This type of communication, i.e.~several small messages instead of
+one large message, is usually strongly discouraged since the sum of
+the latencies for the small messages is usually much larger than
+the latency of the single large message.
+This, however, is of no concern in \swift since nobody is actively
+waiting to receive the messages in order, and the communication
+latencies are covered by local computations.
+A nice side-effect of this approach is that communication no longer
+happens in bursts involving all the ranks at the same time, but
+is more or less evenly spread over the entire computation, and is
+therefore less demanding of the communication infrastructure.
+
+
+
+%#####################################################################################################
+
+\section{Scaling tests}
+
+In this section we present some strong scaling tests of the \swift code on different
+architectures for a representative cosmology problem.
+
+\subsection{Simulation setup}
+
+In order to provide a realistic setup,
+the initial particle distributions used in our tests were extracted by
+resampling low-redshift outputs of the EAGLE project \cite{Schaye2015}, a
+large suite of state-of-the-art cosmological simulations. By selecting outputs
+at late times (redshift $z=0.5$), we constructed a simulation setup which is
+representative of the most expensive part of these simulations, i.e.~when the
+particles are highly-clustered and no longer uniformly distributed. This
+distribution of particles is shown on Fig.~\ref{fig:ICs}.
+In order to fit our simulation setup into the limited
+memory of some of the systems tested, we have randomly down-sampled the particle
+count of the output to $800^3=5.12\times10^8$, $600^3=2.16\times10^8$ and
+$376^3=5.1\times10^7$ particles with periodic boundary conditions
+respectively. Scripts to generate these initial
+conditions are provided with the source code. We then run the \swift code for
+100 time-steps and average the wall clock time of these time-steps after having
+removed the first and last ones, where disk I/O occurs.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figures/cosmoVolume}
+\caption{The initial density field computed from the initial particle
+ distribution used for our tests. The density $\rho_i$ of the particles spans 8
+ orders of magnitude, requiring smoothing lengths $h_i$ changing by a factor of
+ almost $1000$ across the simulation volume. \label{fig:ICs}}
+\end{figure}
+
+On all the machines, the code was compiled out of the box,
+without any tuning, explicit vectorization, or exploiting any
+other specific features of the underlying hardware.
+
+\subsection{x86 architecture: COSMA-5}
+
+For our first test, we ran \swift on the COSMA-5 DiRAC2 Data Centric
+System\footnote{\url{icc.dur.ac.uk/index.php?content=Computing/Cosma}}
+located at the University of Durham. The system consists of 420 nodes
+with 2 Intel Sandy Bridge-EP Xeon
+E5-2670\footnote{\url{http://ark.intel.com/products/64595/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E5-2670-20M-Cache-2_60-GHz-8_00-GTs-Intel-QPI}}
+CPUs clocked at $2.6~\rm{GHz}$ with each $128~\rm{GByte}$ of RAM. The
+16-core nodes are connected using a Mellanox FDR10 Infiniband 2:1 blocking
+configuration.
+
+This system is similar to many Tier-2 systems available in most universities or
+computing facilities. Demonstrating strong scaling on such a machine is
+essential to show that the code can be efficiently used even on the type of
+commodity hardware available to most researchers.
+
+The code was compiled with the Intel compiler version \textsc{2016.0.1} and
+linked to the Intel MPI library version \textsc{5.1.2.150} and METIS library
+version \textsc{5.1.0}.
+
+The simulation setup with $376^3$ particles was run on that system using 1 to
+256 threads on 1 to 16 nodes, the results of which are shown on
+Fig.~\ref{fig:cosma}. For this strong scaling test, we used one MPI rank per node and 16
+threads per node (i.e.~one thread per physical core). We also ran on one single
+node using up to 32 threads, i.e.~up to one thread per physical and
+virtual core. Fig.~\ref{fig:domains} shows the domain decomposition
+obtained via the task-graph decomposition algorithm described above for
+the 16 node run.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figures/domains}
+\caption{The particles for the initial conditions shown on Fig.~\ref{fig:ICs}
+ colored according to the node they belong to after a load-balancing call on
+ 32 nodes. As can be seen, the domain decomposition follows the cells in the mesh
+ but is not made of regular cuts. Domains have different shapes and
+ sizes. \label{fig:domains}}
+\end{figure}
+
+
+\begin{figure*}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Figures/scalingCosma}
+\caption{Strong scaling test on the COSMA-5 machine (see text for hardware
+ description). \textit{Left panel:} Code Speed-up. \textit{Right panel:}
+ Corresponding parallel efficiency. Using 16 threads per node (no use of
+ hyper-threading) with one MPI rank per node, a good parallel efficiency (60\%)
+ is achieved when increasing the thread count from 1 (1 node) to 128 (8 nodes)
+ even on this relatively small test case. The dashed line indicates the
+ efficiency when running on one single node but using all the physical and
+ virtual cores (hyper-threading). As these CPUs only have one FPU per core, we
+ see no benefit from hyper-threading.
+ \label{fig:cosma}}
+\end{figure*}
+
+
+
+\subsection{x86 architecture: SuperMUC}
+
+For our next test, we ran \swift on the SuperMUC x86 phase~1 thin
+nodes \footnote{\url{https://www.lrz.de/services/compute/supermuc/systemdescription/}}
+located at the Leibniz Supercomputing Center in Garching near Munich. This
+system consists of 9\,216 nodes with 2 Intel Sandy Bridge-EP Xeon E5-2680
+8C\footnote{\url{http://ark.intel.com/products/64583/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E5-2680-(20M-Cache-2_70-GHz-8_00-GTs-Intel-QPI)}}
+at $2.7~\rm{GHz}$ CPUS. Each 16-core node has $32~\rm{GByte}$ of RAM.
+The nodes are split in 18
+``islands'' of 512 nodes within which communications are handled via an
+Infiniband FDR10 non-blocking Tree. These islands are then connected using a 4:1
+Pruned Tree.
+
+This system is similar in nature to the COSMA-5 system used in the previous set
+of tests but is much larger, allowing us to test scalability at a much larger
+scale.
+
+The code was compiled with the Intel compiler version \textsc{2015.5.223} and
+linked to the Intel MPI library version \textsc{5.1.2.150} and METIS library
+version \textsc{5.0.2}.
+
+The simulation setup with $800^3$ particles was run using 16 to
+2048 nodes (4 islands) and the results of this strong scaling test are shown in
+Fig.~\ref{fig:superMUC}. For this test, we used one MPI rank per node and 16
+threads per node, i.e.~one thread per physical core.
+
+\begin{figure*}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Figures/scalingSuperMUC}
+\caption{Strong scaling test on the SuperMUC phase~1 machine (see text
+ for hardware description). \textit{Left panel:} Code
+ Speed-up. \textit{Right panel:} Corresponding parallel efficiency.
+ Using 16 threads per node (no use of hyper-threading) with one MPI rank
+ per node, an almost perfect parallel efficiency is achieved when
+ increasing the node count from 16 (256 cores) to 2\,048 (32\,768
+ cores).
+ \label{fig:superMUC}}
+\end{figure*}
+
+
+\subsection{Blue Gene architecture: JUQUEEN}
+
+For our last set of tests, we ran \swift on the JUQUEEN IBM Blue Gene/Q
+system\footnote{\url{http://www.fz-juelich.de/ias/jsc/EN/Expertise/Supercomputers/JUQUEEN/Configuration/Configuration_node.html}}
+located at the J\"ulich Supercomputing Center. This system consists of
+28\,672 nodes with an IBM PowerPC A2 processor running at
+$1.6~\rm{GHz}$ and $16~\rm{GByte}$ of RAM each. Of notable interest
+is the presence of two floating units per compute core. The system is
+composed of 28 racks containing each 1\,024 nodes. The network uses a
+5D torus to link all the racks.
+
+This system is larger than the SuperMUC supercomputer described above and
+uses a completely different processor and instruction set.
+We use it here to demonstrate that our results are not dependant
+on the hardware being used.
+
+The code was compiled with the IBM XL compiler version \textsc{30.73.0.13} and
+linked to the corresponding MPI and METIS library
+versions \textsc{4.0.2}.
+
+The simulation setup with $600^3$ particles was first run using
+512 nodes with one MPI rank per node and varying only the number of threads per
+node. The results of this test are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:JUQUEEN1}.
+
+We later repeated the test, this time varying the number of nodes from 32 to
+8192 (8 racks). For this test, we used one MPI rank per node and 32 threads per
+node, i.e.~two threads per physical core. The results of this strong scaling
+test are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:JUQUEEN2}.
+
+
+\begin{figure}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figures/scalingInNode}
+\caption{Strong scaling test of the hybrid component of the code. The
+ same calculation is performed on 512 node of the JUQUEEN Blue Gene
+ supercomputer (see text for hardware description) using a single MPI
+ rank per node and varying only the number of
+ threads per node. The code displays excellent scaling even when all the cores and
+ hardware multi-threads are in use. \label{fig:JUQUEEN1}}
+\end{figure}
+
+
+
+\begin{figure*}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Figures/scalingBlueGene}
+\caption{Strong scaling test on the JUQUEEN Blue Gene machine (see text
+ for hardware description). \textit{Left panel:} Code
+ Speed-up. \textit{Right panel:} Corresponding parallel efficiency.
+ Using 32 threads per node (2 per physical core) with one MPI rank
+ per node, a parallel efficiency of more than $60\%$ is achieved when
+ increasing the node count from 32 (512 cores) to 8\,192 (131\,072
+ cores). On 8\,192 nodes there are fewer than 27\,000 particles per
+ node and only a few hundred tasks, making the whole problem
+ extremely hard to load-balance effectively.
+ \label{fig:JUQUEEN2}}
+\end{figure*}
+
+
+
+
+
+%#####################################################################################################
+
+\section{Discussion \& conclusions}
+
+The strong scaling results presented in the previous sections on
+three different machines demonstrate the ability of our framework
+to scale on both small commodity
+machines, thanks to the use of task-based parallelism at the node level, and on
+the largest machines (Tier-0 systems) currently available, thanks to the
+task-based domain distribution and asynchronous communication schemes.
+We would like to emphasize that these results were obtained for a
+realistic test case without any micro-level optimization or explicit
+vectorization.
+
+Excellent strong scaling is also achieved when increasing the number of threads
+per node (i.e.~per MPI rank, see fig.~\ref{fig:JUQUEEN1}), demonstrating that
+the description of MPI (asynchronous) communications as tasks within our
+framework is not a bottleneck. One common conception in HPC is that the number
+of MPI communications between nodes should be kept to a minimum to optimize the
+efficiency of the calculation. Our approach does exactly the opposite with large
+number of point-to-point communications between pairs of nodes occurring over the
+course of a time-step. For example, on the SuperMUC machine with 32 nodes (512
+cores), each MPI rank contains approximately $1.6\times10^7$ particles in
+$2.5\times10^5$ cells. \swift will generate around $58\,000$ point-to-point
+asynchronous MPI communications (a pair of \texttt{send} and \texttt{recv} tasks)
+{\em per node} and {\em per timestep}. Such an insane number of messages is
+discouraged by most practitioners.
+Dispatching communications
+over the course of the calculation and not in short bursts, as is commonly done,
+may also help lower the load on the network.
+
+One time-step on $8\,192$ nodes of the JUQUEEN machine takes $63~\rm{ms}$ of
+wall-clock time. All the loading of the tasks, communications and running of the
+tasks takes place in that short amount of time. Our framework can therefore
+load-balance a calculation over $2.6\times10^5$ threads with remarkable
+efficiency.
+
+We emphasize, as was previously demonstrated in \cite{ref:Gonnet2015}, that \swift
+is also much faster than the \gadget code \cite{Springel2005}, the
+\emph{de-facto} standard in the field of particle-based cosmological
+simulations. The simulation setup that was run on the COSMA-5
+system takes $2.9~\rm{s}$ of wall-clock time per time-step on $256$ cores using
+\swift whilst the default \gadget code on exactly the same setup with the same
+number of cores requires $32~\rm{s}$.
+The excellent scaling
+performance of \swift allows us to push this number further by simply increasing
+the number of cores, whilst \gadget reaches its peak speed (for this problem) at
+around 300 cores and stops scaling beyond that. This unprecedented scaling
+ability combined with future work on vectorization of the calculations within
+each task will hopefully make \swift an important tool for future simulations in
+cosmology and help push the entire field to a new level.
+
+\swift, its documentation, and the test cases presented in this paper are all
+available at the address \web.
+
+
+%#####################################################################################################
+
+\section{Acknowledgements}
+This work would not have been possible without Lydia Heck's help and
+expertise. We acknowledge the help of Tom Theuns, James Willis, Bert
+Vandenbroucke, Angus Lepper and other contributors to the \swift
+code. \\ We thank Heinrich Bockhorst and Stephen Blair-Chappell from {\sc
+ intel} as well as Dirk Brommel from the J\"ulich Computing Center
+and Nikolay J. Hammer from the Leibniz Rechnenzentrum for their help
+at various stages of this project.\\ This work used the DiRAC Data
+Centric system at Durham University, operated by the Institute for
+Computational Cosmology on behalf of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility
+(\url{www.dirac.ac.uk}). This equipment was funded by BIS National
+E-infrastructure capital grant ST/K00042X/1, STFC capital grant
+ST/H008519/1, and STFC DiRAC Operations grant ST/K003267/1 and Durham
+University. DiRAC is part of the National E-Infrastructure. This work
+was supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council
+ST/F001166/1 and the European Research Council under the European
+Union's ERC Grant agreements 267291 ``Cosmiway'', and by {\sc intel}
+through establishment of the ICC as an {\sc intel} parallel computing
+centre (IPCC).
+
+\nocite{*}
+\bibliographystyle{abbrv}
+\bibliography{biblio}
+
+
+\end{document}
diff --git a/theory/paper_pasc/sig-alternate-05-2015.cls b/theory/paper_pasc/sig-alternate-05-2015.cls
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b922ec29955e93ac892c369320a5accdddbc15a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theory/paper_pasc/sig-alternate-05-2015.cls
@@ -0,0 +1,1893 @@
+% SIG-ALTERNATE.CLS - VERSION 2.8
+% "COMPATIBLE" WITH THE "ACM_PROC_ARTICLE-SP.CLS" V3.2SP
+% Gerald Murray - May 23rd 2012
+% Boris Veytsman - April 23 2013
+% Boris Veytsman - May 12 2013
+% Boris Veytsman - June 09 2013
+% Boris Veytsman - August 12 2013
+%
+% ---- Start of 'updates' ----
+% Added new permission/copyright statement - BV
+% Changed $10 fee to $15 -- May 2012 -- Gerry
+% Changed $5 fee to $10 -- April 2009 -- Gerry
+% April 22nd. 2009 - Fixed 'Natbib' incompatibility problem - Gerry
+% April 22nd. 2009 - Fixed 'Babel' incompatibility problem - Gerry
+% April 22nd. 2009 - Inserted various bug-fixes and improvements - Gerry
+%
+% To produce Type 1 fonts in the document plus allow for 'normal LaTeX accenting' in the critical areas;
+% title, author block, section-heads, confname, etc. etc.
+% i.e. the whole purpose of this version update is to NOT resort to 'inelegant accent patches'.
+% After much research, three extra .sty packages were added to the the tail (ae, aecompl, aeguill) to solve,
+% in particular, the accenting problem(s). We _could_ ask authors (via instructions/sample file) to 'include' these in
+% the source .tex file - in the preamble - but if everything is already provided ('behind the scenes' - embedded IN the .cls)
+% then this is less work for authors and also makes everything appear 'vanilla'.
+% NOTE: all 'patchwork accenting" has been commented out (here) and is no longer 'used' in the sample .tex file (either).
+% Gerry June 2007
+%
+% Patch for accenting in conference name/location. Gerry May 3rd. 2007
+% Rule widths changed to .5, author count (>6) fixed, roll-back for Type 3 problem. Gerry March 20th. 2007
+% Changes made to 'modernize' the fontnames but esp. for MikTeX users V2.4/2.5 - Nov. 30th. 2006
+% Updated the \email definition to allow for its use inside of 'shared affiliations' - Nov. 30th. 2006
+% Fixed the 'section number depth value' - Nov. 30th. 2006
+%
+% Footnotes inside table cells using \minipage (Oct. 2002)
+% Georgia fixed bug in sub-sub-section numbering in paragraphs (July 29th. 2002)
+% JS/GM fix to vertical spacing before Proofs (July 30th. 2002)
+%
+% Made the Permission Statement / Conference Info / Copyright Info
+% 'user definable' in the source .tex file OR automatic if
+% not specified.
+%
+% Allowance made to switch default fonts between those systems using
+% normal/modern font names and those using 'Type 1' or 'Truetype' fonts.
+% See LINE NUMBER 255 for details.
+% Also provided for enumerated/annotated Corollaries 'surrounded' by
+% enumerated Theorems (line 848).
+% Gerry November 11th. 1999
+%
+% ---- End of 'updates' ----
+%
+\def\fileversion{v2.9} % for ACM's tracking purposes
+\def\filedate{August 12, 2013} % Gerry Murray's tracking data
+\def\docdate {\filedate}
+\usepackage{epsfig}
+\usepackage{amssymb}
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{amsfonts}
+% Need this for accents in Arial/Helvetica
+%\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Gerry March 12, 2007 - causes Type 3 problems (body text)
+%\usepackage{textcomp}
+%
+% SIG-ALTERNATE DOCUMENT STYLE
+% G.K.M. Tobin August-October 1999
+% adapted from ARTICLE document style by Ken Traub, Olin Shivers
+% also using elements of esub2acm.cls
+% HEAVILY MODIFIED, SUBSEQUENTLY, BY GERRY MURRAY 2000
+% ARTICLE DOCUMENT STYLE -- Released 16 March 1988
+% for LaTeX version 2.09
+% Copyright (C) 1988 by Leslie Lamport
+%
+%
+%%% sig-alternate.cls is an 'ALTERNATE' document style for producing
+%%% two-column camera-ready pages for ACM conferences.
+%%% THIS FILE DOES NOT STRICTLY ADHERE TO THE SIGS (BOARD-ENDORSED)
+%%% PROCEEDINGS STYLE. It has been designed to produce a 'tighter'
+%%% paper in response to concerns over page budgets.
+%%% The main features of this style are:
+%%%
+%%% 1) Two columns.
+%%% 2) Side and top margins of 4.5pc, bottom margin of 6pc, column gutter of
+%%% 2pc, hence columns are 20pc wide and 55.5pc tall. (6pc =3D 1in, approx)
+%%% 3) First page has title information, and an extra 6pc of space at the
+%%% bottom of the first column for the ACM copyright notice.
+%%% 4) Text is 9pt on 10pt baselines; titles (except main) are 9pt bold.
+%%%
+%%%
+%%% There are a few restrictions you must observe:
+%%%
+%%% 1) You cannot change the font size; ACM wants you to use 9pt.
+%%% 3) You must start your paper with the \maketitle command. Prior to the
+%%% \maketitle you must have \title and \author commands. If you have a
+%%% \date command it will be ignored; no date appears on the paper, since
+%%% the proceedings will have a date on the front cover.
+%%% 4) Marginal paragraphs, tables of contents, lists of figures and tables,
+%%% and page headings are all forbidden.
+%%% 5) The `figure' environment will produce a figure one column wide; if you
+%%% want one that is two columns wide, use `figure*'.
+%%%
+%
+%%% Copyright Space:
+%%% This style automatically reserves 1" blank space at the bottom of page 1/
+%%% column 1. This space can optionally be filled with some text using the
+%%% \toappear{...} command. If used, this command must be BEFORE the \maketitle
+%%% command. If this command is defined AND [preprint] is on, then the
+%%% space is filled with the {...} text (at the bottom); otherwise, it is
+%%% blank. If you use \toappearbox{...} instead of \toappear{...} then a
+%%% box will be drawn around the text (if [preprint] is on).
+%%%
+%%% A typical usage looks like this:
+%%% \toappear{To appear in the Ninth AES Conference on Medievil Lithuanian
+%%% Embalming Technique, June 1991, Alfaretta, Georgia.}
+%%% This will be included in the preprint, and left out of the conference
+%%% version.
+%%%
+%%% WARNING:
+%%% Some dvi-ps converters heuristically allow chars to drift from their
+%%% true positions a few pixels. This may be noticeable with the 9pt sans-serif
+%%% bold font used for section headers.
+%%% You may turn this hackery off via the -e option:
+%%% dvips -e 0 foo.dvi >foo.ps
+%%%
+\typeout{Document Class 'sig-alternate' <9th June '13>. Modified by
+ G.K.M. Tobin/Gerry Murray/Boris Veytsman}
+\typeout{Based in part upon document Style `acmconf' <22 May 89>. Hacked 4/91 by}
+\typeout{shivers@cs.cmu.edu, 4/93 by theobald@cs.mcgill.ca}
+\typeout{Excerpts were taken from (Journal Style) 'esub2acm.cls'.}
+\typeout{****** Bugs/comments/suggestions/technicalities to Gerry Murray -- murray@hq.acm.org ******}
+\typeout{Questions on the style, SIGS policies, etc. to Adrienne Griscti griscti@acm.org}
+
+% New option code by BV
+
+\newcount\ACM@basesize
+\ACM@basesize=9\relax
+\DeclareOption{9pt}{\ACM@basesize=9\relax}
+\DeclareOption{10pt}{\ACM@basesize=10\relax}
+\DeclareOption{11pt}{\ClassError{sig-alternate}{The `11pt' option is
+ not allowed}{sig-alternate now exists in 9pt and 10pt versions only}}
+\DeclareOption{12pt}{\ClassError{sig-alternate}{The `12pt' option is
+ not allowed}{sig-alternate now exists in 9pt and 10pt versions only}}
+
+\ExecuteOptions{9pt}
+\ProcessOptions
+
+
+\let\@concepts\@empty
+% Support for CCSXML file
+\RequirePackage{comment}
+\excludecomment{CCSXML}
+
+% New concepts scheme
+%
+% The first argument is the significance, the
+% second is the concept(s)
+%
+\newcommand\ccsdesc[2][100]{%
+ \ccsdesc@parse#1~#2~}
+%
+% The parser of the expression Significance~General~Specific
+%
+\def\ccsdesc@parse#1~#2~#3~{%
+ \expandafter\ifx\csname CCS@#2\endcsname\relax
+ \expandafter\gdef\csname CCS@#2\endcsname{\textbullet\textbf{#2} $\to$ }%
+ \g@addto@macro{\@concepts}{\csname CCS@#2\endcsname}\fi
+ \expandafter\g@addto@macro\expandafter{\csname CCS@#2\endcsname}{%
+ \ifnum#1>499\textbf{#3; }\else
+ \ifnum#1>299\textit{#3; }\else
+ #3; \fi\fi}}
+
+\newcommand\printccsdesc{%
+ \ifx\@concepts\@empty\else
+ \if@twocolumn
+ \section*{CCS Concepts}
+ \@concepts
+ \else \small
+ \quotation{\@concepts}%
+ \fi
+ \fi}
+
+
+
+
+\def\doi#1{\def\@doi{#1}}
+\doi{http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/0000000.0000000}
+
+\oddsidemargin 4.5pc
+\evensidemargin 4.5pc
+\advance\oddsidemargin by -1in % Correct for LaTeX gratuitousness
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+\marginparsep 11pt % Horizontal space between outer margin and
+ % marginal note
+
+ % Top of page:
+\topmargin 4.5pc % Nominal distance from top of page to top of
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+\advance\topmargin by -1in % Correct for LaTeX gratuitousness
+\headheight 0pt % Height of box containing running head.
+\headsep 0pt % Space between running head and text.
+ % Bottom of page:
+\footskip 30pt % Distance from baseline of box containing foot
+ % to baseline of last line of text.
+\@ifundefined{footheight}{\newdimen\footheight}{}% this is for LaTeX2e
+\footheight 12pt % Height of box containing running foot.
+
+%% Must redefine the top margin so there's room for headers and
+%% page numbers if you are using the preprint option. Footers
+%% are OK as is. Olin.
+\advance\topmargin by -37pt % Leave 37pt above text for headers
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+ % \textfloatsep and \intextsep (minus
+ % the stretch and shrink).
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+
+\def\footnotesize{\@setsize\footnotesize{9pt}\ixpt\@ixpt
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+
+\def\footnotesize{\@setsize\footnotesize{10pt}\xpt\@xpt
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+\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
+\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus 1pt%
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+\topsep 3.2pt plus 1pt minus 1pt\parsep 2pt plus 1pt minus 1pt
+\itemsep \parsep}}
+\fi
+
+
+\newcount\aucount
+\newcount\originalaucount
+\newdimen\auwidth
+\auwidth=\textwidth
+\newdimen\auskip
+\newcount\auskipcount
+\newdimen\auskip
+\global\auskip=1pc
+\newdimen\allauboxes
+\allauboxes=\auwidth
+\newtoks\addauthors
+\newcount\addauflag
+\global\addauflag=0 %Haven't shown additional authors yet
+
+\newtoks\subtitletext
+\gdef\subtitle#1{\subtitletext={#1}}
+
+\gdef\additionalauthors#1{\addauthors={#1}}
+
+\gdef\numberofauthors#1{\global\aucount=#1
+\ifnum\aucount>3\global\originalaucount=\aucount \global\aucount=3\fi %g} % 3 OK - Gerry March 2007
+\global\auskipcount=\aucount\global\advance\auskipcount by 1
+\global\multiply\auskipcount by 2
+\global\multiply\auskip by \auskipcount
+\global\advance\auwidth by -\auskip
+\global\divide\auwidth by \aucount}
+
+% \and was modified to count the number of authors. GKMT 12 Aug 1999
+\def\alignauthor{% % \begin{tabular}
+\end{tabular}%
+ \begin{tabular}[t]{p{\auwidth}}\centering}%
+
+% *** NOTE *** NOTE *** NOTE *** NOTE ***
+% If you have 'font problems' then you may need
+% to change these, e.g. 'arialb' instead of "arialbd".
+% Gerry Murray 11/11/1999
+% *** OR ** comment out block A and activate block B or vice versa.
+% **********************************************
+%
+% -- Start of block A -- (Type 1 or Truetype fonts)
+%\newfont{\secfnt}{timesbd at 12pt} % was timenrb originally - now is timesbd
+%\newfont{\secit}{timesbi at 12pt} %13 Jan 00 gkmt
+%\newfont{\subsecfnt}{timesi at 11pt} % was timenrri originally - now is timesi
+%\newfont{\subsecit}{timesbi at 11pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt -- was times changed to timesbi gm 2/4/2000
+% % because "normal" is italic, "italic" is Roman
+%\newfont{\ttlfnt}{arialbd at 18pt} % was arialb originally - now is arialbd
+%\newfont{\ttlit}{arialbi at 18pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt
+%\newfont{\subttlfnt}{arial at 14pt} % was arialr originally - now is arial
+%\newfont{\subttlit}{ariali at 14pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt
+%\newfont{\subttlbf}{arialbd at 14pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt
+%\newfont{\aufnt}{arial at 12pt} % was arialr originally - now is arial
+%\newfont{\auit}{ariali at 12pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt
+%\newfont{\affaddr}{arial at 10pt} % was arialr originally - now is arial
+%\newfont{\affaddrit}{ariali at 10pt} %13 Jan 00 gkmt
+%\newfont{\eaddfnt}{arial at 12pt} % was arialr originally - now is arial
+%\newfont{\ixpt}{times at 9pt} % was timenrr originally - now is times
+%\newfont{\confname}{timesi at 8pt} % was timenrri - now is timesi
+%\newfont{\crnotice}{times at 8pt} % was timenrr originally - now is times
+%\newfont{\ninept}{times at 9pt} % was timenrr originally - now is times
+
+% *********************************************
+% -- End of block A --
+%
+%
+% -- Start of block B -- UPDATED FONT NAMES
+% *********************************************
+% Gerry Murray 11/30/2006
+% *********************************************
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=9\relax
+\newfont{\secfnt}{ptmb8t at 12pt}
+\newfont{\secit}{ptmbi8t at 12pt} %13 Jan 00 gkmt
+\newfont{\subsecfnt}{ptmri8t at 11pt}
+\newfont{\subsecit}{ptmbi8t at 11pt} %
+\newfont{\ttlfnt}{phvb8t at 18pt}
+\newfont{\ttlit}{phvbo8t at 18pt} % GM 2/4/2000
+\newfont{\subttlfnt}{phvr8t at 14pt}
+\newfont{\subttlit}{phvro8t at 14pt} % GM 2/4/2000
+\newfont{\subttlbf}{phvb8t at 14pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt
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+\newfont{\auit}{phvro8t at 12pt} % GM 2/4/2000
+\newfont{\affaddr}{phvr8t at 10pt}
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+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=10\relax
+\newfont{\secfnt}{ptmb8t at 13pt}
+\newfont{\secit}{ptmbi8t at 13pt} %13 Jan 00 gkmt
+\newfont{\subsecfnt}{ptmri8t at 12pt}
+\newfont{\subsecit}{ptmbi8t at 12pt} %
+\newfont{\ttlfnt}{phvb8t at 20pt}
+\newfont{\ttlit}{phvbo8t at 20pt} % GM 2/4/2000
+\newfont{\subttlfnt}{phvr8t at 15pt}
+\newfont{\subttlit}{phvro8t at 15pt} % GM 2/4/2000
+\newfont{\subttlbf}{phvb8t at 15pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt
+\newfont{\aufnt}{phvr8t at 12pt}
+\newfont{\auit}{phvro8t at 12pt} % GM 2/4/2000
+\newfont{\affaddr}{phvr8t at 11pt}
+\newfont{\affaddrit}{phvro8t at 11pt} % GM 2/4/2000
+\newfont{\eaddfnt}{phvr8t at 12pt}
+\newfont{\ixpt}{ptmr8t at 10pt}
+\newfont{\confname}{ptmri8t at 9pt}
+\newfont{\crnotice}{ptmr8t at 9pt}
+\newfont{\ninept}{ptmr8t at 10pt}
+\fi
+% +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+% -- End of block B --
+
+%\def\email#1{{{\eaddfnt{\vskip 4pt#1}}}}
+% If we have an email, inside a "shared affiliation" then we need the following instead
+\def\email#1{{{\eaddfnt{\par #1}}}} % revised - GM - 11/30/2006
+
+\def\addauthorsection{\ifnum\originalaucount>6 % was 3 - Gerry March 2007
+ \section{Additional Authors}\the\addauthors
+ \fi}
+
+\newcount\savesection
+\newcount\sectioncntr
+\global\sectioncntr=1
+
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
+
+\def\appendix{\par
+\section*{APPENDIX}
+\setcounter{section}{0}
+ \setcounter{subsection}{0}
+ \def\thesection{\Alph{section}} }
+
+\leftmargini 22.5pt
+\leftmarginii 19.8pt % > \labelsep + width of '(m)'
+\leftmarginiii 16.8pt % > \labelsep + width of 'vii.'
+\leftmarginiv 15.3pt % > \labelsep + width of 'M.'
+\leftmarginv 9pt
+\leftmarginvi 9pt
+
+\leftmargin\leftmargini
+\labelsep 4.5pt
+\labelwidth\leftmargini\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+
+\def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini \parsep 3.6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt%
+\topsep 7.2pt plus 2pt minus 4pt%
+\itemsep 3.6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt}
+
+\let\@listi\@listI
+\@listi
+
+\def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \topsep 3.6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
+ \parsep 1.8pt plus 0.9pt minus 0.9pt
+ \itemsep \parsep}
+
+\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginiii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \topsep 1.8pt plus 0.9pt minus 0.9pt
+ \parsep \z@ \partopsep 1pt plus 0pt minus 1pt
+ \itemsep \topsep}
+
+\def\@listiv{\leftmargin\leftmarginiv
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginiv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
+
+\def\@listv{\leftmargin\leftmarginv
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
+
+\def\@listvi{\leftmargin\leftmarginvi
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginvi\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
+
+\def\labelenumi{\theenumi.}
+\def\theenumi{\arabic{enumi}}
+
+\def\labelenumii{(\theenumii)}
+\def\theenumii{\alph{enumii}}
+\def\p@enumii{\theenumi}
+
+\def\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.}
+\def\theenumiii{\roman{enumiii}}
+\def\p@enumiii{\theenumi(\theenumii)}
+
+\def\labelenumiv{\theenumiv.}
+\def\theenumiv{\Alph{enumiv}}
+\def\p@enumiv{\p@enumiii\theenumiii}
+
+\def\labelitemi{$\bullet$}
+\def\labelitemii{\bf --}
+\def\labelitemiii{$\ast$}
+\def\labelitemiv{$\cdot$}
+
+\def\verse{\let\\=\@centercr
+ \list{}{\itemsep\z@ \itemindent -1.5em\listparindent \itemindent
+ \rightmargin\leftmargin\advance\leftmargin 1.5em}\item[]}
+\let\endverse\endlist
+
+\def\quotation{\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em
+ \itemindent\listparindent
+ \rightmargin\leftmargin \parsep 0pt plus 1pt}\item[]}
+\let\endquotation=\endlist
+
+\def\quote{\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}\item[]}
+\let\endquote=\endlist
+
+\def\descriptionlabel#1{\hspace\labelsep \bf #1}
+\def\description{\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin
+ \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}
+
+\let\enddescription\endlist
+
+\def\theequation{\arabic{equation}}
+
+
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=9\relax
+\arraycolsep 4.5pt % Half the space between columns in an array environment.
+\tabcolsep 5.4pt % Half the space between columns in a tabular environment.
+\arrayrulewidth .5pt % Width of rules in array and tabular environment. % (was .4) updated Gerry March 20 2007
+\doublerulesep 1.8pt % Space between adjacent rules in array or tabular env.
+
+\fi
+
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=10\relax
+\arraycolsep 5pt % Half the space between columns in an array environment.
+\tabcolsep 6pt % Half the space between columns in a tabular environment.
+\arrayrulewidth .5pt % Width of rules in array and tabular environment. % (was .4) updated Gerry March 20 2007
+\doublerulesep 1.8pt % Space between adjacent rules in array or tabular env.
+
+\fi
+
+\tabbingsep \labelsep % Space used by the \' command. (See LaTeX manual.)
+
+\skip\@mpfootins =\skip\footins
+
+\fboxsep =2.7pt % Space left between box and text by \fbox and \framebox.
+\fboxrule =.5pt % Width of rules in box made by \fbox and \framebox. % (was .4) updated Gerry March 20 2007
+
+\def\thepart{\Roman{part}} % Roman numeral part numbers.
+\def\thesection {\arabic{section}}
+\def\thesubsection {\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
+%\def\thesubsubsection {\thesubsection.\arabic{subsubsection}} % GM 7/30/2002
+%\def\theparagraph {\thesubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}} % GM 7/30/2002
+\def\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\arabic{subparagraph}}
+
+\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
+\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
+\def\@dotsep{4.5}
+\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
+
+%\def\tableofcontents{\@latexerr{\tableofcontents: Tables of contents are not
+% allowed in the `acmconf' document style.}\@eha}
+
+\def\tableofcontents{\ClassError{%
+ \string\tableofcontents\space is not allowed in the `acmconf' document % January 2008
+ style}\@eha}
+
+\def\l@part#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty}
+ \addvspace{2.25em plus 1pt} % space above part line
+ \begingroup
+ \@tempdima 3em % width of box holding part number, used by
+ \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth %% \numberline
+ \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
+ {\large \bf % set line in \large boldface
+ \leavevmode % TeX command to enter horizontal mode.
+ #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}}\par
+ \nobreak % Never break after part entry
+ \endgroup}
+
+\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} % good place for page break
+ \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt} % space above toc entry
+ \@tempdima 1.5em % width of box holding section number
+ \begingroup
+ \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
+ \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
+ \bf % Boldface.
+ \leavevmode % TeX command to enter horizontal mode.
+ \advance\leftskip\@tempdima %% added 5 Feb 88 to conform to
+ \hskip -\leftskip %% 25 Jan 88 change to \numberline
+ #1\nobreak\hfil \nobreak\hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
+ \endgroup}
+
+
+\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
+\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
+\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
+\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
+
+%\def\listoffigures{\@latexerr{\listoffigures: Lists of figures are not
+% allowed in the `acmconf' document style.}\@eha}
+
+\def\listoffigures{\ClassError{%
+ \string\listoffigures\space is not allowed in the `acmconf' document % January 2008
+ style}\@eha}
+
+\def\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
+
+%\def\listoftables{\@latexerr{\listoftables: Lists of tables are not
+% allowed in the `acmconf' document style.}\@eha}
+%\let\l@table\l@figure
+
+\def\listoftables{\ClassError{%
+ \string\listoftables\space is not allowed in the `acmconf' document % January 2008
+ style}\@eha}
+ \let\l@table\l@figure
+
+\def\footnoterule{\kern-3\p@
+ \hrule width .5\columnwidth % (was .4) updated Gerry March 20 2007
+ \kern 2.6\p@} % The \hrule has default height of .4pt % (was .4) updated Gerry March 20 2007
+% ------
+\long\def\@makefntext#1{\noindent
+%\hbox to .5em{\hss$^{\@thefnmark}$}#1} % original
+\hbox to .5em{\hss\textsuperscript{\@thefnmark}}#1} % C. Clifton / GM Oct. 2nd. 2002
+% -------
+
+\long\def\@maketntext#1{\noindent
+#1}
+
+\long\def\@maketitlenotetext#1#2{\noindent
+ \hbox to 1.8em{\hss$^{#1}$}#2}
+
+\setcounter{topnumber}{2}
+\def\topfraction{.7}
+\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1}
+\def\bottomfraction{.3}
+\setcounter{totalnumber}{3}
+\def\textfraction{.2}
+\def\floatpagefraction{.5}
+\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{2}
+\def\dbltopfraction{.7}
+\def\dblfloatpagefraction{.5}
+
+%
+\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{
+ \vskip \baselineskip
+ \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\textbf{#1: #2}}
+ \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize % IF longer than one line:
+ \textbf{#1: #2}\par % THEN set as ordinary paragraph.
+ \else % ELSE center.
+ \hbox to\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}\par
+ \fi}
+
+%
+
+\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{
+ \vskip 10pt
+ \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\textbf{#1: #2}}
+ \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize % IF longer than one line:
+ \textbf{#1: #2}\par % THEN set as ordinary paragraph.
+ \else % ELSE center.
+ \hbox to\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}
+ \fi}
+
+\@ifundefined{figure}{\newcounter {figure}} % this is for LaTeX2e
+
+\def\fps@figure{tbp}
+\def\ftype@figure{1}
+\def\ext@figure{lof}
+\def\fnum@figure{Figure \thefigure}
+\def\figure{\@float{figure}}
+%\let\endfigure\end@float
+\def\endfigure{\end@float} % Gerry January 2008
+\@namedef{figure*}{\@dblfloat{figure}}
+\@namedef{endfigure*}{\end@dblfloat}
+
+\@ifundefined{table}{\newcounter {table}} % this is for LaTeX2e
+
+\def\fps@table{tbp}
+\def\ftype@table{2}
+\def\ext@table{lot}
+\def\fnum@table{Table \thetable}
+\def\table{\@float{table}}
+%\let\endtable\end@float
+\def\endtable{\end@float} % Gerry January 2008
+\@namedef{table*}{\@dblfloat{table}}
+\@namedef{endtable*}{\end@dblfloat}
+
+\newtoks\titleboxnotes
+\newcount\titleboxnoteflag
+
+\def\maketitle{\par
+ \begingroup
+ \def\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
+ \def\@makefnmark{\hbox
+ to 0pt{$^{\@thefnmark}$\hss}}
+ \twocolumn[\@maketitle]
+\@thanks
+ \endgroup
+ \setcounter{footnote}{0}
+ \let\maketitle\relax
+ \let\@maketitle\relax
+ \gdef\@thanks{}\gdef\@author{}\gdef\@title{}\gdef\@subtitle{}\let\thanks\relax
+ \@copyrightspace}
+
+%% CHANGES ON NEXT LINES
+\newif\if@ll % to record which version of LaTeX is in use
+
+\expandafter\ifx\csname LaTeXe\endcsname\relax % LaTeX2.09 is used
+\else% LaTeX2e is used, so set ll to true
+\global\@lltrue
+\fi
+
+\if@ll
+ \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
+ \ProvidesClass{sig-alternate} [2013/05/12 v2.7 based on acmproc.cls V1.3 <Nov. 30 '99>]
+ \RequirePackage{latexsym}% QUERY: are these two really needed?
+ \let\dooptions\ProcessOptions
+\else
+ \let\dooptions\@options
+\fi
+%% END CHANGES
+
+\def\@height{height}
+\def\@width{width}
+\def\@minus{minus}
+\def\@plus{plus}
+\def\hb@xt@{\hbox to}
+\newif\if@faircopy
+\@faircopyfalse
+\def\ds@faircopy{\@faircopytrue}
+
+\def\ds@preprint{\@faircopyfalse}
+
+\@twosidetrue
+\@mparswitchtrue
+\def\ds@draft{\overfullrule 5\p@}
+%% CHANGE ON NEXT LINE
+\dooptions
+
+\lineskip \p@
+\normallineskip \p@
+\def\baselinestretch{1}
+\def\@ptsize{0} %needed for amssymbols.sty
+
+%% CHANGES ON NEXT LINES
+\if@ll% allow use of old-style font change commands in LaTeX2e
+\@maxdepth\maxdepth
+%
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\ninept\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
+\DeclareRobustCommand*{\cal}{\@fontswitch{\relax}{\mathcal}}
+\DeclareRobustCommand*{\mit}{\@fontswitch{\relax}{\mathnormal}}
+\fi
+%
+\if@ll
+ \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{cmr} % was 'ttm'
+% Note! I have also found 'mvr' to work ESPECIALLY well.
+% Gerry - October 1999
+% You may need to change your LV1times.fd file so that sc is
+% mapped to cmcsc - -for smallcaps -- that is if you decide
+% to change {cmr} to {times} above. (Not recommended)
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=9\relax
+ \renewcommand{\@ptsize}{}
+ \renewcommand{\normalsize}{%
+ \@setfontsize\normalsize\@ixpt{10.5\p@}%\ninept%
+ \abovedisplayskip 6\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@
+ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
+ \abovedisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \let\@listi\@listI}
+\fi
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=10\relax
+ \renewcommand{\@ptsize}{}
+ \renewcommand{\normalsize}{%
+ \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xpt{11.5\p@}%\ninept%
+ \abovedisplayskip 6.5\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@
+ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
+ \abovedisplayshortskip 6.5\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 6.5\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \let\@listi\@listI}
+\fi
+\else
+ \def\@normalsize{%changed next to 9 from 10
+ \@setsize\normalsize{9\p@}\ixpt\@ixpt
+ \abovedisplayskip 6\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@
+ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
+ \abovedisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \let\@listi\@listI
+ }%
+\fi
+\if@ll
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=9\relax
+ \newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viipt{8\p@}}
+ \newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vpt{6\p@}}
+ \newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xiipt{14\p@}}
+ \newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xivpt{18\p@}}
+ \newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xviipt{20\p@}}
+ \newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxpt{25\p@}}
+ \newcommand\Huge{\@setfontsize\Huge\@xxvpt{30\p@}}
+\fi
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=10\relax
+ \newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viiipt{9\p@}}
+ \newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vipt{7\p@}}
+ \newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xiiipt{15\p@}}
+ \newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xvpt{20\p@}}
+ \newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xixpt{22\p@}}
+ \newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xixpt{30\p@}}
+ \newcommand\Huge{\@setfontsize\Huge30pt{36\p@}}
+\fi
+\else
+ \def\scriptsize{\@setsize\scriptsize{8\p@}\viipt\@viipt}
+ \def\tiny{\@setsize\tiny{6\p@}\vpt\@vpt}
+ \def\large{\@setsize\large{14\p@}\xiipt\@xiipt}
+ \def\Large{\@setsize\Large{18\p@}\xivpt\@xivpt}
+ \def\LARGE{\@setsize\LARGE{20\p@}\xviipt\@xviipt}
+ \def\huge{\@setsize\huge{25\p@}\xxpt\@xxpt}
+ \def\Huge{\@setsize\Huge{30\p@}\xxvpt\@xxvpt}
+\fi
+\normalsize
+
+% make aubox hsize/number of authors up to 3, less gutter
+% then showbox gutter showbox gutter showbox -- GKMT Aug 99
+\newbox\@acmtitlebox
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=9\relax
+\def\@maketitle{\newpage
+ \null
+ \setbox\@acmtitlebox\vbox{%
+\baselineskip 20pt
+\vskip 2em % Vertical space above title.
+ \begin{center}
+ {\ttlfnt \@title\par} % Title set in 18pt Helvetica (Arial) bold size.
+ \vskip 1.5em % Vertical space after title.
+%This should be the subtitle.
+{\subttlfnt \the\subtitletext\par}\vskip 1.25em%\fi
+ {\baselineskip 16pt\aufnt % each author set in \12 pt Arial, in a
+ \lineskip .5em % tabular environment
+ \begin{tabular}[t]{c}\@author
+ \end{tabular}\par}
+ \vskip 1.5em % Vertical space after author.
+ \end{center}}
+ \dimen0=\ht\@acmtitlebox
+ \advance\dimen0 by -12.75pc\relax % Increased space for title box -- KBT
+ \unvbox\@acmtitlebox
+ \ifdim\dimen0<0.0pt\relax\vskip-\dimen0\fi}
+\fi
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=10\relax
+\def\@maketitle{\newpage
+ \null
+ \setbox\@acmtitlebox\vbox{%
+\baselineskip 22pt
+\vskip 2.2em % Vertical space above title.
+ \begin{center}
+ {\ttlfnt \@title\par} % Title set in 18pt Helvetica (Arial) bold size.
+ \vskip 2em % Vertical space after title.
+%This should be the subtitle.
+{\subttlfnt \the\subtitletext\par}\vskip 1.25em%\fi
+ {\baselineskip 18pt\aufnt % each author set in \12 pt Arial, in a
+ \lineskip .5em % tabular environment
+ \begin{tabular}[t]{c}\@author
+ \end{tabular}\par}
+ \vskip 2em % Vertical space after author.
+ \end{center}}
+ \dimen0=\ht\@acmtitlebox
+ \advance\dimen0 by -12.75pc\relax % Increased space for title box -- KBT
+ \unvbox\@acmtitlebox
+ \ifdim\dimen0<0.0pt\relax\vskip-\dimen0\fi}
+\fi
+
+\newcount\titlenotecount
+\global\titlenotecount=0
+\newtoks\tntoks
+\newtoks\tntokstwo
+\newtoks\tntoksthree
+\newtoks\tntoksfour
+\newtoks\tntoksfive
+
+\def\abstract{
+\ifnum\titlenotecount>0 % was =1
+ \insert\footins{%
+ \reset@font\footnotesize
+ \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty
+ \splittopskip\footnotesep
+ \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM
+ \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore
+ \protected@edef\@currentlabel{%
+ }%
+ \color@begingroup
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=1
+ \@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\ast$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoks\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\fi
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=2
+ \@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\ast$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoks\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\dagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntokstwo\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\fi
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=3
+ \@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\ast$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoks\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\dagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntokstwo\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\ddagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoksthree\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\fi
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=4
+ \@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\ast$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoks\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\dagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntokstwo\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\ddagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoksthree\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\S$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoksfour\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\fi
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=5
+ \@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\ast$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoks\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\dagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntokstwo\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\ddagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoksthree\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\S$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoksfour\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\@maketntext{%
+ \raisebox{4pt}{$\P$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoksfive\@finalstrut\strutbox}%
+\fi
+ \color@endgroup} %g}
+\fi
+\setcounter{footnote}{0}
+\section*{ABSTRACT}\normalsize%\ninept
+}
+
+\def\endabstract{\if@twocolumn\else\endquotation\fi}
+
+\def\keywords{\if@twocolumn
+\section*{Keywords}
+\else \small
+\quotation
+\fi}
+
+\def\terms#1{%
+%\if@twocolumn
+%\section*{General Terms}
+%\else \small
+%\quotation
+%\fi
+}
+
+% -- Classification needs to be a bit smart due to optionals - Gerry/Georgia November 2nd. 1999
+\newcount\catcount
+\global\catcount=1
+
+\def\category#1#2#3{%
+\ifnum\catcount=1
+\section*{Categories and Subject Descriptors}
+\advance\catcount by 1\else{\unskip; }\fi
+ \@ifnextchar [{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}[]}%
+}
+
+
+\def\@category#1#2#3[#4]{%
+ \begingroup
+ \let\and\relax
+ #1 [\textbf{#2}]%
+ \if!#4!%
+ \if!#3!\else : #3\fi
+ \else
+ :\space
+ \if!#3!\else #3\kern\z@---\hskip\z@\fi
+ \textit{#4}%
+ \fi
+ \endgroup
+}
+%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+%%% This section (written by KBT) handles the 1" box in the lower left
+%%% corner of the left column of the first page by creating a picture,
+%%% and inserting the predefined string at the bottom (with a negative
+%%% displacement to offset the space allocated for a non-existent
+%%% caption).
+%%%
+\newtoks\copyrightnotice
+\def\ftype@copyrightbox{8}
+\def\@copyrightspace{
+\@float{copyrightbox}[b]
+\begin{center}
+\setlength{\unitlength}{1pc}
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=9
+\begin{picture}(20,6) %Space for copyright notice
+\put(0,-0.95){\crnotice{\@toappear}}
+\end{picture}
+\fi
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=10
+\begin{picture}(20,7) %Space for copyright notice
+\put(0,-0.95){\crnotice{\@toappear}}
+\end{picture}
+\fi
+\end{center}
+\end@float}
+
+\def\@toappear{} % Default setting blank - commands below change this.
+\long\def\toappear#1{\def\@toappear{\parbox[b]{20pc}{\baselineskip 9pt#1}}}
+\def\toappearbox#1{\def\@toappear{\raisebox{5pt}{\framebox[20pc]{\parbox[b]{19pc}{#1}}}}}
+
+\newtoks\conf
+\newtoks\confinfo
+\def\conferenceinfo#1#2{\global\conf={#1}\global\confinfo{#2}}
+
+
+%\def\marginpar{\@latexerr{The \marginpar command is not allowed in the
+% `acmconf' document style.}\@eha}
+
+\def\marginpar{\ClassError{%
+ \string\marginpar\space is not allowed in the `acmconf' document % January 2008
+ style}\@eha}
+
+\mark{{}{}} % Initializes TeX's marks
+
+\def\today{\ifcase\month\or
+ January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
+ July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
+ \space\number\day, \number\year}
+
+\def\@begintheorem#1#2{%
+ \parskip 0pt % GM July 2000 (for tighter spacing)
+ \trivlist
+ \item[%
+ \hskip 10\p@
+ \hskip \labelsep
+ {{\sc #1}\hskip 5\p@\relax#2.}%
+ ]
+ \it
+}
+\def\@opargbegintheorem#1#2#3{%
+ \parskip 0pt % GM July 2000 (for tighter spacing)
+ \trivlist
+ \item[%
+ \hskip 10\p@
+ \hskip \labelsep
+ {\sc #1\ #2\ % This mod by Gerry to enumerate corollaries
+ \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{(#3)} % and bracket the 'corollary title'
+ \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa>\z@ % and retain the correct numbering of e.g. theorems
+ \hskip 5\p@\relax % if they occur 'around' said corollaries.
+ \box\@tempboxa % Gerry - Nov. 1999.
+ \fi.}%
+ ]
+ \it
+}
+\newif\if@qeded
+\global\@qededfalse
+
+% -- original
+%\def\proof{%
+% \vspace{-\parskip} % GM July 2000 (for tighter spacing)
+% \global\@qededfalse
+% \@ifnextchar[{\@xproof}{\@proof}%
+%}
+% -- end of original
+
+% (JSS) Fix for vertical spacing bug - Gerry Murray July 30th. 2002
+\def\proof{%
+\vspace{-\lastskip}\vspace{-\parsep}\penalty-51%
+\global\@qededfalse
+\@ifnextchar[{\@xproof}{\@proof}%
+}
+
+\def\endproof{%
+ \if@qeded\else\qed\fi
+ \endtrivlist
+}
+\def\@proof{%
+ \trivlist
+ \item[%
+ \hskip 10\p@
+ \hskip \labelsep
+ {\sc Proof.}%
+ ]
+ \ignorespaces
+}
+\def\@xproof[#1]{%
+ \trivlist
+ \item[\hskip 10\p@\hskip \labelsep{\sc Proof #1.}]%
+ \ignorespaces
+}
+\def\qed{%
+ \unskip
+ \kern 10\p@
+ \begingroup
+ \unitlength\p@
+ \linethickness{.4\p@}%
+ \framebox(6,6){}%
+ \endgroup
+ \global\@qededtrue
+}
+
+\def\newdef#1#2{%
+ \expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
+ {\@definecounter{#1}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{\@thmcounter{#1}}%
+ \global\@namedef{#1}{\@defthm{#1}{#2}}%
+ \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}%
+ }%
+}
+\def\@defthm#1#2{%
+ \refstepcounter{#1}%
+ \@ifnextchar[{\@ydefthm{#1}{#2}}{\@xdefthm{#1}{#2}}%
+}
+\def\@xdefthm#1#2{%
+ \@begindef{#2}{\csname the#1\endcsname}%
+ \ignorespaces
+}
+\def\@ydefthm#1#2[#3]{%
+ \trivlist
+ \item[%
+ \hskip 10\p@
+ \hskip \labelsep
+ {\it #2%
+% \savebox\@tempboxa{#3}%
+ \saveb@x\@tempboxa{#3}% % January 2008
+ \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa>\z@
+ \ \box\@tempboxa
+ \fi.%
+ }]%
+ \ignorespaces
+}
+\def\@begindef#1#2{%
+ \trivlist
+ \item[%
+ \hskip 10\p@
+ \hskip \labelsep
+ {\it #1\ \rm #2.}%
+ ]%
+}
+\def\theequation{\arabic{equation}}
+
+\newcounter{part}
+\newcounter{section}
+\newcounter{subsection}[section]
+\newcounter{subsubsection}[subsection]
+\newcounter{paragraph}[subsubsection]
+\def\thepart{\Roman{part}}
+\def\thesection{\arabic{section}}
+\def\thesubsection{\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
+\def\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection.\arabic{subsubsection}} %removed \subsecfnt 29 July 2002 gkmt
+\def\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}} %removed \subsecfnt 29 July 2002 gkmt
+\newif\if@uchead
+\@ucheadfalse
+
+%% CHANGES: NEW NOTE
+%% NOTE: OK to use old-style font commands below, since they were
+%% suitably redefined for LaTeX2e
+%% END CHANGES
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
+\def\part{%
+ \@startsection{part}{9}{\z@}{-10\p@ \@plus -4\p@ \@minus -2\p@}
+ {4\p@}{\normalsize\@ucheadtrue}%
+}
+\def\section{%
+ \@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}{-10\p@ \@plus -4\p@ \@minus -2\p@}% GM
+ {4\p@}{\baselineskip 14pt\secfnt\@ucheadtrue}%
+}
+
+\def\subsection{%
+ \@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{-8\p@ \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -\p@}
+ {4\p@}{\secfnt}%
+}
+\def\subsubsection{%
+ \@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}{-8\p@ \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -\p@}%
+ {4\p@}{\subsecfnt}%
+}
+%\def\paragraph{%
+% \vskip 12pt\@startsection{paragraph}{3}{\z@}{6\p@ \@plus \p@}% original
+% {-5\p@}{\subsecfnt}%
+%}
+% If one wants sections, subsections and subsubsections numbered,
+% but not paragraphs, one usually sets secnumepth to 3.
+% For that, the "depth" of paragraphs must be given correctly
+% in the definition (``4'' instead of ``3'' as second argument
+% of @startsection):
+\def\paragraph{%
+ \vskip 12pt\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}{6\p@ \@plus \p@}% % GM and Wolfgang May - 11/30/06
+ {-5\p@}{\subsecfnt}%
+}
+\let\@period=.
+\def\@startsection#1#2#3#4#5#6{%
+ \if@noskipsec %gkmt, 11 aug 99
+ \global\let\@period\@empty
+ \leavevmode
+ \global\let\@period.%
+ \fi
+ \par %
+ \@tempskipa #4\relax
+ \@afterindenttrue
+ \ifdim \@tempskipa <\z@
+ \@tempskipa -\@tempskipa
+ \@afterindentfalse
+ \fi
+ \if@nobreak
+ \everypar{}%
+ \else
+ \addpenalty\@secpenalty
+ \addvspace\@tempskipa
+ \fi
+\parskip=0pt % GM July 2000 (non numbered) section heads
+ \@ifstar
+ {\@ssect{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}
+ {\@dblarg{\@sect{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}}%
+}
+\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{%
+ \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth
+ \let\@svsec\@empty
+ \else
+ \refstepcounter{#1}%
+ \edef\@svsec{%
+ \begingroup
+ %\ifnum#2>2 \noexpand\rm \fi % changed to next 29 July 2002 gkmt
+ \ifnum#2>2 \noexpand#6 \fi
+ \csname the#1\endcsname
+ \endgroup
+ \ifnum #2=1\relax .\fi
+ \hskip 1em
+ }%
+ \fi
+ \@tempskipa #5\relax
+ \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
+ \begingroup
+ #6\relax
+ \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}%
+ \begingroup
+ \interlinepenalty \@M
+ \if@uchead
+ \uppercase{#8}%
+ \else
+ #8%
+ \fi
+ \par
+ \endgroup
+ \endgroup
+ \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}%
+ \vskip -12pt %gkmt, 11 aug 99 and GM July 2000 (was -14) - numbered section head spacing
+\addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{%
+ \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
+ \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}%
+ \fi
+ #7%
+ }%
+ \else
+ \def\@svsechd{%
+ #6%
+ \hskip #3\relax
+ \@svsec
+ \if@uchead
+ \uppercase{#8}%
+ \else
+ #8%
+ \fi
+ \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}%
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{%
+ \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
+ \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}%
+ \fi
+ #7%
+ }%
+ }%
+ \fi
+ \@xsect{#5}\hskip 1pt
+ \par
+}
+\def\@xsect#1{%
+ \@tempskipa #1\relax
+ \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
+ \par
+ \nobreak
+ \vskip \@tempskipa
+ \@afterheading
+ \else
+ \global\@nobreakfalse
+ \global\@noskipsectrue
+ \everypar{%
+ \if@noskipsec
+ \global\@noskipsecfalse
+ \clubpenalty\@M
+ \hskip -\parindent
+ \begingroup
+ \@svsechd
+ \@period
+ \endgroup
+ \unskip
+ \@tempskipa #1\relax
+ \hskip -\@tempskipa
+ \else
+ \clubpenalty \@clubpenalty
+ \everypar{}%
+ \fi
+ }%
+ \fi
+ \ignorespaces
+}
+\def\@trivlist{%
+ \@topsepadd\topsep
+ \if@noskipsec
+ \global\let\@period\@empty
+ \leavevmode
+ \global\let\@period.%
+ \fi
+ \ifvmode
+ \advance\@topsepadd\partopsep
+ \else
+ \unskip
+ \par
+ \fi
+ \if@inlabel
+ \@noparitemtrue
+ \@noparlisttrue
+ \else
+ \@noparlistfalse
+ \@topsep\@topsepadd
+ \fi
+ \advance\@topsep \parskip
+ \leftskip\z@skip
+ \rightskip\@rightskip
+ \parfillskip\@flushglue
+ \@setpar{\if@newlist\else{\@@par}\fi}
+ \global\@newlisttrue
+ \@outerparskip\parskip
+}
+
+%%% Actually, 'abbrev' works just fine as the default
+%%% Bibliography style.
+
+\typeout{Using 'Abbrev' bibliography style}
+\newcommand\bibyear[2]{%
+ \unskip\quad\ignorespaces#1\unskip
+ \if#2..\quad \else \quad#2 \fi
+}
+\newcommand{\bibemph}[1]{{\em#1}}
+\newcommand{\bibemphic}[1]{{\em#1\/}}
+\newcommand{\bibsc}[1]{{\sc#1}}
+\def\@normalcite{%
+ \def\@cite##1##2{[##1\if@tempswa , ##2\fi]}%
+}
+\def\@citeNB{%
+ \def\@cite##1##2{##1\if@tempswa , ##2\fi}%
+}
+\def\@citeRB{%
+ \def\@cite##1##2{##1\if@tempswa , ##2\fi]}%
+}
+\def\start@cite#1#2{%
+ \edef\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{%
+ ###1%
+ \ifnum#2=\z@ \else\ ###2\fi
+ }%
+ \ifnum#1=\thr@@
+ \let\@@cite\@citeyear
+ \else
+ \let\@@cite\@citenormal
+ \fi
+ \@ifstar{\@citeNB\@@cite}{\@normalcite\@@cite}%
+}
+%\def\cite{\start@cite23}
+\DeclareRobustCommand\cite{\start@cite23} % January 2008
+\def\citeNP{\cite*} % No Parentheses e.g. 5
+%\def\citeA{\start@cite10}
+\DeclareRobustCommand\citeA{\start@cite10} % January 2008
+\def\citeANP{\citeA*}
+%\def\shortcite{\start@cite23}
+\DeclareRobustCommand\shortcite{\start@cite23} % January 2008
+\def\shortciteNP{\shortcite*}
+%\def\shortciteA{\start@cite20}
+\DeclareRobustCommand\shortciteA{\start@cite20} % January 2008
+\def\shortciteANP{\shortciteA*}
+%\def\citeyear{\start@cite30}
+\DeclareRobustCommand\citeyear{\start@cite30} % January 2008
+\def\citeyearNP{\citeyear*}
+%\def\citeN{%
+\DeclareRobustCommand\citeN{% % January 2008
+ \@citeRB
+ \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1\ [##3%
+ \def\reserved@a{##1}%
+ \def\citeauthoryear####1####2####3{%
+ \def\reserved@b{####1}%
+ \ifx\reserved@a\reserved@b
+ ####3%
+ \else
+ \errmessage{Package acmart Error: author mismatch
+ in \string\citeN^^J^^J%
+ See the acmart package documentation for explanation}%
+ \fi
+ }%
+ }%
+ \@ifstar\@citeyear\@citeyear
+}
+%\def\shortciteN{%
+\DeclareRobustCommand\shortciteN{% % January 2008
+ \@citeRB
+ \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2\ [##3%
+ \def\reserved@a{##2}%
+ \def\citeauthoryear####1####2####3{%
+ \def\reserved@b{####2}%
+ \ifx\reserved@a\reserved@b
+ ####3%
+ \else
+ \errmessage{Package acmart Error: author mismatch
+ in \string\shortciteN^^J^^J%
+ See the acmart package documentation for explanation}%
+ \fi
+ }%
+ }%
+ \@ifstar\@citeyear\@citeyear % GM July 2000
+}
+
+\def\@citenormal{%
+ \@ifnextchar [{\@tempswatrue\@citex;}%
+% original {\@tempswafalse\@citex,[]}% was ; Gerry 2/24/00
+{\@tempswafalse\@citex[]}% % GERRY FIX FOR BABEL 3/20/2009
+}
+
+\def\@citeyear{%
+ \@ifnextchar [{\@tempswatrue\@citex,}%
+% original {\@tempswafalse\@citex,[]}%
+{\@tempswafalse\@citex[]}% % GERRY FIX FOR BABEL 3/20/2009
+}
+
+\def\@citex#1[#2]#3{%
+ \let\@citea\@empty
+ \@cite{%
+ \@for\@citeb:=#3\do{%
+ \@citea
+% original \def\@citea{#1 }%
+ \def\@citea{#1, }% % GERRY FIX FOR BABEL 3/20/2009 -- SO THAT YOU GET [1, 2] IN THE BODY TEXT
+ \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@iden\@citeb}%
+ \if@filesw
+ \immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{\@citeb}}%
+ \fi
+ \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb}{%
+ {\bf ?}%
+ \@warning{%
+ Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage\space undefined%
+ }%
+ }%
+ {\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}%
+ }%
+ }{#2}%
+}
+%\let\@biblabel\@gobble % Dec. 2008 - Gerry
+% ----
+\def\@biblabelnum#1{[#1]} % Gerry's solution #1 - for Natbib -- April 2009
+\let\@biblabel=\@biblabelnum % Gerry's solution #1 - for Natbib -- April 2009
+\def\newblock{\relax} % Gerry Dec. 2008
+% ---
+\newdimen\bibindent
+\setcounter{enumi}{1}
+\bibindent=0em
+\def\thebibliography#1{%
+\ifnum\addauflag=0\addauthorsection\global\addauflag=1\fi
+ \section[References]{% <=== OPTIONAL ARGUMENT ADDED HERE
+ {References} % was uppercased but this affects pdf bookmarks (SP/GM October 2004)
+ {\vskip -9pt plus 1pt} % GM Nov. 2006 / GM July 2000 (for somewhat tighter spacing)
+ \@mkboth{{\refname}}{{\refname}}%
+ }%
+ \list{[\arabic{enumi}]}{%
+ \settowidth\labelwidth{[#1]}%
+ \leftmargin\labelwidth
+ \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
+ \advance\leftmargin\bibindent
+ \parsep=0pt\itemsep=1pt % GM July 2000
+ \itemindent -\bibindent
+ \listparindent \itemindent
+ \usecounter{enumi}
+ }%
+ \let\newblock\@empty
+ \raggedright % GM July 2000
+ \sloppy
+ \sfcode`\.=1000\relax
+}
+
+
+\gdef\balancecolumns
+{\vfill\eject
+\global\@colht=\textheight
+\global\ht\@cclv=\textheight
+}
+
+\newcount\colcntr
+\global\colcntr=0
+%\newbox\savebox
+\newbox\saveb@x % January 2008
+
+\gdef \@makecol {%
+\global\advance\colcntr by 1
+\ifnum\colcntr>2 \global\colcntr=1\fi
+ \ifvoid\footins
+ \setbox\@outputbox \box\@cclv
+ \else
+ \setbox\@outputbox \vbox{%
+\boxmaxdepth \@maxdepth
+ \@tempdima\dp\@cclv
+ \unvbox \@cclv
+ \vskip-\@tempdima
+ \vskip \skip\footins
+ \color@begingroup
+ \normalcolor
+ \footnoterule
+ \unvbox \footins
+ \color@endgroup
+ }%
+ \fi
+ \xdef\@freelist{\@freelist\@midlist}%
+ \global \let \@midlist \@empty
+ \@combinefloats
+ \ifvbox\@kludgeins
+ \@makespecialcolbox
+ \else
+ \setbox\@outputbox \vbox to\@colht {%
+\@texttop
+ \dimen@ \dp\@outputbox
+ \unvbox \@outputbox
+ \vskip -\dimen@
+ \@textbottom
+ }%
+ \fi
+ \global \maxdepth \@maxdepth
+}
+\def\titlenote{\@ifnextchar[\@xtitlenote{\stepcounter\@mpfn
+\global\advance\titlenotecount by 1
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=1
+ \raisebox{9pt}{$\ast$}
+\fi
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=2
+ \raisebox{9pt}{$\dagger$}
+\fi
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=3
+ \raisebox{9pt}{$\ddagger$}
+\fi
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=4
+\raisebox{9pt}{$\S$}
+\fi
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=5
+\raisebox{9pt}{$\P$}
+\fi
+ \@titlenotetext
+}}
+
+\long\def\@titlenotetext#1{\insert\footins{%
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=1\global\tntoks={#1}\fi
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=2\global\tntokstwo={#1}\fi
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=3\global\tntoksthree={#1}\fi
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=4\global\tntoksfour={#1}\fi
+\ifnum\titlenotecount=5\global\tntoksfive={#1}\fi
+ \reset@font\footnotesize
+ \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty
+ \splittopskip\footnotesep
+ \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM
+ \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore
+ \protected@edef\@currentlabel{%
+ }%
+ \color@begingroup
+ \color@endgroup}}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\ps@plain
+\baselineskip=11pt
+\let\thepage\relax % For NO page numbers - GM Nov. 30th. 1999 and July 2000
+\def\setpagenumber#1{\global\setcounter{page}{#1}}
+%\pagenumbering{arabic} % Arabic page numbers GM July 2000
+\twocolumn % Double column.
+\flushbottom % Even bottom -- alas, does not balance columns at end of document
+\pagestyle{plain}
+
+% Need Copyright Year and Copyright Data to be user definable (in .tex file).
+% Gerry Nov. 30th. 1999
+\newtoks\copyrtyr
+\newtoks\acmcopyr
+\newtoks\boilerplate
+\global\acmcopyr={X-XXXXX-XX-X/XX/XX} % Default - 5/11/2001 *** Gerry
+\global\copyrtyr={\the\year} % Default - 3/3/2003 *** Gerry
+\def\acmPrice#1{\gdef\@acmPrice{#1}}
+\acmPrice{} %article price % Changed to 15 - June 2012 - Gerry
+
+
+\def\CopyrightYear#1{\global\copyrtyr{#1}}
+\def\crdata#1{\global\acmcopyr{#1}}
+\def\permission#1{\global\boilerplate{#1}}
+
+% ISBN
+%
+\def\isbn#1{\global\acmcopyr={#1}}
+\isbn{978-1-4503-2138-9}
+
+\RequirePackage{url}
+\urlstyle{rm}
+\def\doi#1{\def\@doi{#1}}
+\doi{10.1145/1235}
+\def\printdoi#1{\url{#1}}
+
+
+
+% Copyright
+\RequirePackage{acmcopyright}
+\setcopyright{none}
+
+%
+\global\boilerplate={\@copyrightpermission}
+
+
+
+\newtoks\copyrightetc
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=9\relax
+\global\copyrightetc{%
+{\noindent\confname\ \the\conf\ \the\confinfo}\par\smallskip
+ \if@printcopyright
+ \copyright\ \the\copyrtyr\ \@copyrightowner
+ \fi
+ \if@acmowned ISBN \else\ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=2 ISBN \else \par\smallskip ACM ISBN \fi\fi
+ \the\acmcopyr\ifx\@acmPrice\@empty.\else\dots\@acmPrice\fi\par\smallskip
+{DOI: \small\expandafter\printdoi\expandafter{\@doi}}}
+\toappear{\fontsize{7pt}{8pt}\fontfamily{ptm}\selectfont
+ \the\boilerplate\par\smallskip
+ \the\copyrightetc}
+\fi
+\ifnum\ACM@basesize=10\relax
+\global\copyrightetc{%
+{\noindent\confname\ \the\conf\ \the\confinfo}\par\smallskip
+ \if@printcopyright
+ \copyright\ \the\copyrtyr\ \@copyrightowner
+ \fi
+ \if@acmowned ISBN \else\ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=2 ISBN \else \par\smallskip ACM ISBN \fi\fi
+ \the\acmcopyr\ifx\@acmPrice\@empty.\else\dots\@acmPrice\fi\par\smallskip
+{DOI: \small\expandafter\printdoi\expandafter{\@doi}}}
+\toappear{\fontsize{7.5pt}{8.5pt}\fontfamily{ptm}\selectfont
+ \the\boilerplate\par\smallskip
+ \the\copyrightetc}
+\fi
+%\DeclareFixedFont{\altcrnotice}{OT1}{tmr}{m}{n}{8} % << patch needed for accenting e.g. Montreal - Gerry, May 2007
+%\DeclareFixedFont{\altconfname}{OT1}{tmr}{m}{it}{8} % << patch needed for accenting in italicized confname - Gerry, May 2007
+%
+%{\altconfname{{\the\conf}}} {\altcrnotice\the\confinfo\par} \the\copyrightetc.} % << Gerry, May 2007
+%
+% The following section (i.e. 3 .sty inclusions) was added in May 2007 so as to fix the problems that many
+% authors were having with accents. Sometimes accents would occur, but the letter-character would be of a different
+% font. Conversely the letter-character font would be correct but, e.g. a 'bar' would appear superimposed on the
+% character instead of, say, an unlaut/diaresis. Sometimes the letter-character would NOT appear at all.
+% Using [T1]{fontenc} outright was not an option as this caused 99% of the authors to 'produce' a Type-3 (bitmapped)
+% PDF file - useless for production.
+%
+% For proper (font) accenting we NEED these packages to be part of the .cls file i.e. 'ae', 'aecompl' and 'aeguil'
+% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+%% This is file `ae.sty'
+\def\fileversion{1.3}
+\def\filedate{2001/02/12}
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
+%\ProvidesPackage{ae}[\filedate\space\fileversion\space % GM
+% Almost European Computer Modern] % GM - keeping the log file clean(er)
+\newif\if@ae@slides \@ae@slidesfalse
+\DeclareOption{slides}{\@ae@slidestrue}
+\ProcessOptions
+\fontfamily{aer}
+\RequirePackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\if@ae@slides
+ \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{laess}
+ \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{laess} % no roman
+ \renewcommand{\ttdefault}{laett}
+\else
+ \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{aess}
+ \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{aer}
+ \renewcommand{\ttdefault}{aett}
+\fi
+\endinput
+%%
+%% End of file `ae.sty'.
+%
+%
+\def\fileversion{0.9}
+\def\filedate{1998/07/23}
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
+%\ProvidesPackage{aecompl}[\filedate\space\fileversion\space % GM
+%T1 Complements for AE fonts (D. Roegel)] % GM -- keeping the log file clean(er)
+
+\def\@ae@compl#1{{\fontencoding{T1}\fontfamily{cmr}\selectfont\symbol{#1}}}
+\def\guillemotleft{\@ae@compl{19}}
+\def\guillemotright{\@ae@compl{20}}
+\def\guilsinglleft{\@ae@compl{14}}
+\def\guilsinglright{\@ae@compl{15}}
+\def\TH{\@ae@compl{222}}
+\def\NG{\@ae@compl{141}}
+\def\ng{\@ae@compl{173}}
+\def\th{\@ae@compl{254}}
+\def\DJ{\@ae@compl{208}}
+\def\dj{\@ae@compl{158}}
+\def\DH{\@ae@compl{208}}
+\def\dh{\@ae@compl{240}}
+\def\@perthousandzero{\@ae@compl{24}}
+\def\textperthousand{\%\@perthousandzero}
+\def\textpertenthousand{\%\@perthousandzero\@perthousandzero}
+\endinput
+%
+%
+%% This is file `aeguill.sty'
+% This file gives french guillemets (and not guillemots!)
+% built with the Polish CMR fonts (default), WNCYR fonts, the LASY fonts
+% or with the EC fonts.
+% This is useful in conjunction with the ae package
+% (this package loads the ae package in case it has not been loaded)
+% and with or without the french(le) package.
+%
+% In order to get the guillemets, it is necessary to either type
+% \guillemotleft and \guillemotright, or to use an 8 bit encoding
+% (such as ISO-Latin1) which selects these two commands,
+% or, if you use the french package (but not the frenchle package),
+% to type << or >>.
+%
+% By default, you get the Polish CMR guillemets; if this package is loaded
+% with the `cm' option, you get the LASY guillemets; with `ec,' you
+% get the EC guillemets, and with `cyr,' you get the cyrillic guillemets.
+%
+% In verbatim mode, you always get the EC/TT guillemets.
+%
+% The default option is interesting in conjunction with PDF,
+% because there is a Type 1 version of the Polish CMR fonts
+% and these guillemets are very close in shape to the EC guillemets.
+% There are no free Type 1 versions of the EC fonts.
+%
+% Support for Polish CMR guillemets was kindly provided by
+% Rolf Niepraschk <niepraschk@ptb.de> in version 0.99 (2000/05/22).
+% Bernd Raichle provided extensive simplifications to the code
+% for version 1.00.
+%
+% This package is released under the LPPL.
+%
+% Changes:
+% Date version
+% 2001/04/12 1.01 the frenchle and french package are now distinguished.
+%
+\def\fileversion{1.01}
+\def\filedate{2001/04/12}
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
+%\ProvidesPackage{aeguill}[2001/04/12 1.01 % % GM
+%AE fonts with french guillemets (D. Roegel)] % GM - keeping the log file clean(er)
+%\RequirePackage{ae} % GM May 2007 - already embedded here
+
+\newcommand{\@ae@switch}[4]{#4}
+\DeclareOption{ec}{\renewcommand\@ae@switch[4]{#1}}
+\DeclareOption{cm}{\renewcommand\@ae@switch[4]{#2}}
+\DeclareOption{cyr}{\renewcommand\@ae@switch[4]{#3}}
+\DeclareOption{pl}{\renewcommand\@ae@switch[4]{#4}}
+
+
+%
+% Load necessary packages
+%
+\@ae@switch{% ec
+ % do nothing
+}{% cm
+ \RequirePackage{latexsym}% GM - May 2007 - already 'mentioned as required' up above
+}{% cyr
+ \RequirePackage[OT2,T1]{fontenc}%
+}{% pl
+ \RequirePackage[OT4,T1]{fontenc}%
+}
+
+% The following command will be compared to \frenchname,
+% as defined in french.sty and frenchle.sty.
+\def\aeguillfrenchdefault{french}%
+
+\let\guill@verbatim@font\verbatim@font
+\def\verbatim@font{\guill@verbatim@font\ecguills{cmtt}%
+ \let\guillemotleft\@oguills\let\guillemotright\@fguills}
+
+\begingroup \catcode`\<=13 \catcode`\>=13
+\def\x{\endgroup
+ \def\ae@lfguill{<<}%
+ \def\ae@rfguill{>>}%
+}\x
+
+\newcommand{\ecguills}[1]{%
+ \def\selectguillfont{\fontencoding{T1}\fontfamily{#1}\selectfont}%
+ \def\@oguills{{\selectguillfont\symbol{19}}}%
+ \def\@fguills{{\selectguillfont\symbol{20}}}%
+ }
+
+\newcommand{\aeguills}{%
+ \ae@guills
+ % We redefine \guillemotleft and \guillemotright
+ % in order to catch them when they are used
+ % with \DeclareInputText (in latin1.def for instance)
+ % We use \auxWARNINGi as a safe indicator that french.sty is used.
+ \gdef\guillemotleft{\ifx\auxWARNINGi\undefined
+ \@oguills % neither french.sty nor frenchle.sty
+ \else
+ \ifx\aeguillfrenchdefault\frenchname
+ \ae@lfguill % french.sty
+ \else
+ \@oguills % frenchle.sty
+ \fi
+ \fi}%
+ \gdef\guillemotright{\ifx\auxWARNINGi\undefined
+ \@fguills % neither french.sty nor frenchle.sty
+ \else
+ \ifx\aeguillfrenchdefault\frenchname
+ \ae@rfguill % french.sty
+ \else
+ \@fguills % frenchle.sty
+ \fi
+ \fi}%
+ }
+
+%
+% Depending on the class option
+% define the internal command \ae@guills
+\@ae@switch{% ec
+ \newcommand{\ae@guills}{%
+ \ecguills{cmr}}%
+}{% cm
+ \newcommand{\ae@guills}{%
+ \def\selectguillfont{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}%
+ \fontseries{m}\fontshape{n}\selectfont}%
+ \def\@oguills{\leavevmode\nobreak
+ \hbox{\selectguillfont (\kern-.20em(\kern.20em}\nobreak}%
+ \def\@fguills{\leavevmode\nobreak
+ \hbox{\selectguillfont \kern.20em)\kern-.2em)}%
+ \ifdim\fontdimen\@ne\font>\z@\/\fi}}%
+}{% cyr
+ \newcommand{\ae@guills}{%
+ \def\selectguillfont{\fontencoding{OT2}\fontfamily{wncyr}\selectfont}%
+ \def\@oguills{{\selectguillfont\symbol{60}}}%
+ \def\@fguills{{\selectguillfont\symbol{62}}}}
+}{% pl
+ \newcommand{\ae@guills}{%
+ \def\selectguillfont{\fontencoding{OT4}\fontfamily{cmr}\selectfont}%
+ \def\@oguills{{\selectguillfont\symbol{174}}}%
+ \def\@fguills{{\selectguillfont\symbol{175}}}}
+}
+
+
+\AtBeginDocument{%
+ \ifx\GOfrench\undefined
+ \aeguills
+ \else
+ \let\aeguill@GOfrench\GOfrench
+ \gdef\GOfrench{\aeguill@GOfrench \aeguills}%
+ \fi
+ }
+
+\endinput
+%
+